PATENTS 



THROUGHOUT 



THE WORLD 



1912 



GENERAL INFORMATION 



WM. WALLACE WHITE 

COUNSELOR AT LAW PATENTS AND TRADE MARKS 

(RICHARDS & COMPANY, 1879- 1906) 

305-J09 Broadway Gkant Place and 9th Stm»t 

N«W TOaX. N- T. WABfllNOTON. ». C 



PATENTS 

THROUGHOUT 

THE WORLD 



1912 



GENERAL INFORMATION 



WM. WALLACE WHITE 

COUNSELOR AT LAW PATENTS AND TRADE MARKS 

(RICHARDS & COMPANY, 1879-1906) 

305-309 Broadway Grant Place and gth Street 

NEW YORK. N. Y. WASHINGTON. D. C. 



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Pubr - 
•AY 14 Idit 



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CONTENTS. 



PAGE. 

Abyssinia 53 

Afghanistan 48 

Agents or Attorneys, Permanent.. . . 12 
Applications, When They May be 

Filed 9 

Argentine Republic 42 

Assignment of Patents 12 

Attorneys or Agents, Permanent. . . 12 

Australia 58 

Austria 14 

Bahamas 37 

Barbados 37 

Belgian Congo 53 

Belgium 15 

Bermuda 37 

Bolivia 43 

Brazil 43 

British Central Africa 55 

British Guiana 44 

British Honduras 40 

British North Borneo 48 

Bulgaria 15 

Canada 34 

Cape of Good Hope 57 

Ceylon 48 

Channel Islands 15 

Chili 44 

China 48 

Claims, "German" Form of H 

Colombia 45 

Communication, Application Filed as. 10 

Compulsory License 13 

Copies of Patents 12 

Correspondence 9 

Costa Rica 40 

Cuba.. 37 

Cyprus 49 

Danish West Indies 38 

Deccan.. 49 

Denmark 16 

Documents, Blank Forms Furnished.. 13 
Documents, Manner of Execution. ... 13 
Drawings, Photolithographs Accepted. 11 

East Africa Protectorate . 53 

Ecuador 4 5 

Egypt 53 

Estimates 9 

Falkland Islands 46 

Federated Malay States 49 

Fiji Islands 60 

Finland 16 

France 17 

Gambia, British 54 

Gebrauchsmuster 19 



page. 

Germany 18 

Gibraltar 19 

Gold Coast Colony 54 

Grace Allowed for Payment of Taxes. 12 

Great Britain 19 

Greece 21 

Grenada 38 

Guatemala 40 

Guernsey 15 

Hayti. 38 

Holland 21 

Honduras 41 

Hong Kong ■ 50 

Hungary 22 

Hyderabad 49 

Iceland 23 

India.. 50 

International Convention, Members 

of 10 

Italy 23 

Jamaica 38 

Japan 50 

Jersey 15 

Johore 51 

Korea. (See Japan.) 50 

Leeward Islands 39 

Liberia 54 

Luxemburg 24 

Malta 25 

Marking "Patented" 11 

Mauritius 54 

Mexico 35 

Montenegro • 26 

Mysore 52 

Natal 57 

Negri Sembilan 49 

Netherlands, The 21 

Newfoundland 36 

New Zealand 60 

Nicaragua 41 

Nigeria, Northern 55 

Nigeria, Southern 55 

Norway • • • 26 

Novelty, Examination as to 11 

Nyasaland 55 

Opposition. . . • • -• 11 

Orange Free State 57 

Pahang 49 

Panama Republic 46 

Paraguay • • 47 

Patent and Trade Mark Review, 

Cost of 62 

Patented, Marking 11 

Patentee, Who May Be 9 



PAGE. 

Patents, of Addition 10 

Patents, Printed Copies Obtainable. . 12 

Perak 49 

Persia 27 

Peru 47 

Petty Patents 11 

Philippine Islands 52 

Porto Rico 39 

Portugal 27 

Portuguese Colonies 28 

Provisional Protection.. 10 

Requirements for Patent Applica- 
tions 11 

Rhodesia, Southern 56 

Rumania 28 

Russia 29 

St. Helena 56 

St. Lucia 39 

St. Vincent 39 

Santo Domingo 39 

Salvador 41 

Selangor 49 

Servia 30 

Seychelles Islands 52 

SiAM 52 



page. 

South Africa, Union of 57 

Spain 30 

Specification, Copies of 11 

Straits Settlements 52 

Sweden 31 

Switzerland 32 

Sudan 56 

Swaziland 56 

Taxes, Grace Allowed 12 

Taxes, Notices Sent. 12 

Taxes, Payment in Lump Sum 12 

Terms ' 9 

Transvaal 57 

Trinidad and Tobago 40 

Tunis • 56 

Turkey 33 

Union of South Africa 57 

Uruguay 47 

Useful Model Protection 11 

Venezuela 47 

Working Requirements 12 

Working Under International Con- 
vention 13 

Zanzibar 58 



TO PATENT ATTORNEYS: 

The pamphlets issued by my late firm, and predecessor, Richards & 
Co., under the title, "General Information Relating to Patents and Trade 
Marks, including all the Principal Countries of the World," were, as I 
have reason to believe, highl\^ appreciated by attorneys practicing in 
patent matters. 

They have been out of date for a number of years during which the 
"Patent and Trade Mark Review" has been the chief method used by 
me in communicating to the profession news of changes in practice. 

It has long been m}^ intention to issue a pamphlet on the lines of the 
old publication, but the labor involved has compelled postponement 
until now. 

The present pamphlet will, I believe, be found to be quite as reliable 
as the old issues were. It will be apparent that no attempt has been 
made to make the information exhaustive, but that only the chief features 
of the law are touched upon. I shall always be glad to furnish further 
information on demand. 

It is believed that the arrangement by which the countries are grouped 
together geographically will be found convenient. 

Long and extensive experience, a well-organized office staff and care- 
fully kept records, as well as carefully selected foreign associates, enable 
me to offer you assurances of a service which will meet your needs. 

I have an excellent library of foreign laws and text -books and I keep 
in touch with foreign practice not only by means of the cases I file, but 
by the aid of a wide correspondence, as well as through membership in 
the principal foreign associations of Patent Attorneys. 

You are invited to make use of 'my services in the filing and prosecu- 
tion of applications, in preparing and recording assignments, in the mak- 
ing of searches, in procuring copies of foreign patents required in the 
course of Htigation, and in other similar matters, and particularly in con- 
sultation upon any question relating to the protection of industrial prop- 
erty. 

Respectfully, 

Wm. Wallace White, 
New York, April 15, 1912. 



GENERAL INFORMATION 



Correspondence. — This should be addressed to the New York office. 
Terms. — Applications should be accompanied by a remittance to cover 
charges in all cases except where other terms are previously agreed upon. In 
cases where this requirement is ignored, no responsibility will be accepted for 
the consequences which may follow. 

Estimates. — Where a number of applications are filed upon the same in- 
vention, special rates can be quoted. I am always glad to respond to a request 
for an estimate. 
Who May Apply for Patent. — 

Assignee, whether individual, firm or corporation, may apply in: Austria, Bel- 
gium, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Luxemburg, Holland (firm or corpora- 
tion [?] not mentioned in the law), Norway, Portugal, Rumania, Russia (when 
invention is patented abroad to another, assignment from that other must be 
presented), Spain, Turkey, Barbados, Cuba, Danish West Indies (if owner of 
Danish patent), Santo Domingo, British Honduras, Costa Rica, Honduras (if 
owner of foreign patent), Salvador, Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands 
(if owner of British patent), Panama (if owner of foreign patent), Paraguay, 
Uruguay (if owner of foreign patent), Venezuela, British North Borneo, China, 
Straits Settlements, Belgian Congo, Egypt, Liberia, Portuguese Colonies (if 
owner of Portuguese patent), St. Helena (if owner of British patent), Tunis, 
Australian Commonwealth and New Zealand. 

Assignee, an individual, hut not a firm or corporation, may apply in: Bahamas, 
Bermuda, and Trinidad and Tobago. 

Assignee, whether individual, firm or corporation, may apply, hut assignment 
must he presented in: Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, 
Canada, Mexico, Newfoundland (or owner of prior foreign patent without assign- 
ment), Jamaica, Leeward Islands, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Brazil, British Guiana, 
Chili, Colombia, Peru, Ceylon, Deccan, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Mysore, Negri 
Sembilan, Pahang, Perak, Selangor, East Africa Protectorate, British Gambia, Gold 
Coast Colony, Mauritius, Northern Nigeria, Southern Nigeria, Orange Free State, 
Seychelles, Zanzibar, and Fiji Islands. 

Assignee may apply jointly with the inventor in: Great Britain, Malta, Grenada. 
St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Nyasaland, Cape Colony, Natal, Southern Rhodesia and 
Transvaal. 

When Application for Patent May Be Filed.— The obviously safe course is 
to file applications in the list of countries determined upon, before the issuance 
of any patent, and before there has been any publication or public use of the in- 
vention. In many cases, however, valid patents may be obtained upon applica- 
tions filed at a later date. The following statement shows the varying require- 
ments: 

Convention.— AppVicditions may be filed within twelve months after the filing of 
the first application in any Convention country. For list of countries see next 
heading. 

If advantage cannot be taken of the Convention, then filing should be effected 
in accordance Ayith the following requirements: 

Before puhlication or puhlic use of the invention anvzvhere. — France, Hungary, 
Holland, Spain (twenty-year patent), Sweden, Turkey. Guatemala and Tunis. 

Before printed publication anywhere, and before puhlic use in the country. — Aus- 
tria, Belgium (official publication no bar to patent of importation), Denmark, Fin- 
land (official publication no bar for six months), Germany, Luxemburg (use in 
Gerniany also bars), Norway, Portugal (use in Colonies also bars) and Russia 
(official publication no bar). 

Before printed puhlication awywA^/v.— Salvador (official publication no bar), 
Bolivia, Ecuador and Peru. 



Before public use afiywhere. — Cuba ("Nacional" patent). 

Before publication or public use in the country. — Great Britain, Malta, Switz- 
erland, Bahamas (barred if well known elsewhere and known to anyone in the 
Bahamas other than applicant), Barbados, Leeward Islands, British Honduras, 
Nicaragua, British Guiana, Chili, Japan, Nyasaland, Cape Colony, Liberia, Natal, 
Orange Free State, Australian Commonwealth and New Zealand. 

Before public use in the country. — Bermuda, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, 
and Trinidad and Tobago. 

During the life of a British patent^ provided no prior use in the country or in 
Great Britain or her possessions, use in the interim by inventor or with his consent 
excepted. — British North Borneo, Straits Settlements, Negri Sembilan, Pahang, 
Perak and Selangor. 

During the life of a British patent, provided no prior use in the country. — 
Ceylon and Hong Kong. 

During the life of a British patent. — Guernsey, Jersey, Gibraltar, Falkland Islands 
and St. Helena. 

During the life of a foreign patent, provided no prior use in the country. — Italy, 
Spain (five-year patent), Newfoundland, Jamaica and Costa Rica. 

During the life of a foreign patent. — Cuba, Santo Domingo, Honduras, Argentina, 
Panama, Paraguay, Venezuela, China, Belgian Congo, Egypt and Fiji Islands.^ 

During the life of a certain prior patent. — Porto Rico and Philippines (United 
States patent), Iceland and Danish West Indies (Danish patent), and Portuguese 
Colonies (during first two years of life of Portuguese patent). 

Within one year from the acquisition of foreign, or the sealing of British, patent. — 
India, Deccan (probably), Mysore, Nyasaland and Zanzibar. 

Within a given period after first prior patent. — Rumania, six months from grant ; 
Canada, one year from issue; Mexico, three months from publication; Brazil, 
seven months from grant; Uruguay, one year from issue; Mauritius, one year 
from date of British; Southern Rhodesia, one year from grant; Transvaal, one 
year from grant; Sweden, three months from issue of first foreign patent. 

International Convention. — The following is a list of the countries that are 
members of the Union, January i, 1912: Austria, Hungary, Bosnia and Herzo- 
govina, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, Denmark and Faeroe Islands, Dominican Republic, 
France, Algeria and all French Colonies, Germany, Great Britain, Australian 
govina, Belgium, Brazil, Cuba, Denmark and Faeroe Islands, Dominican Republic, 
Japan, Mexico, Norway, Dutch Indies, Surinam, Curagao, Portugal, with 
the Azores and Madeira, Servia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,^ Tunis and United 
States. The chief value of the Convention undoubtedly lies in the provision of 
Article 4, regarding priority, by reason of which applications may be filed in a 
Convention country within twelve months after the filing of the first application 
in any Convention country with the same force and effect as if the same had 
been filed simultaneously with such first filed application. In some countries 
it is not required that the application upon which Convention rights are based 
should be the application first filed. 

When priority is desired it should be claimed at the time of filing, and the 
date of filing the application first filed should be given. 

Application should be made in the name of the party in whose name the first 
application was filed. 

In certain countries certified copies of the application first filed must be fur- 
nished and these should be filed with the application. The following is a list 
of the countries referred to: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Great Britain, Hun- 
gary, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Ceylon (in duplicate), Australian Com- 
monwealth. 

Proyisional Protection. — In Great Britain, and in most of her Colonies, an 
application may be filed accompanied by a provisional specification without draw- 
ings, and a complete specification with drawings filed at a subsequent date. The 
first cost is lessened, but the ultimate cost increased. 

"Communication." — According to a practice existing in Great Britain, and 
most of her Colonies, applications may be filed in the name of a local patent 
agent as a "communication from abroad." When this course is followed, the 
patent should be assigned to the actual owner immediately upon its issuance. 

Patents of Addition. — In most of the countries of Europe, and in some other 
gouptries, patents of addition may be procured for improvements upon ari exist- 

10 



ing principal patent. Usually no annual taxes are payable thereon. The cost 
of applying is generally the same as that of an ordinary application. 

Useful Model Protection. — In Gerniany "Gebrauchsmuster," or "petty" pat- 
ents, may be obtained covering the form of simple devices, tools and the like. 
These are granted, without previous examination as to novelty, for a term of 
three years. The documents required for application are a power, specification 
and drawings in duplicate. The protection may be renewed for a further term 
of three years. 

In Japan, also, useful model protection can be obtained. The Japanese law 
is modeled closely on the German. The documents required are the same. 

Requirements for Patent Applications. — These are, generally, a power of at- 
torney for each country, a copy of the specification for each country for pur- 
poses of translation, or, in the case of countries in which English is used, two 
copies for filing and a third copy for agent's use, and drawings prepared accord- 
ing to requirements, which vary widely in the dififer-ent countries, and which 
requirements can best be met by ordering photolithographs direct from photo- 
lithographers, or through me, naming the countries in which applications are to 
be filed. Full name of applicant (not initials only), occupation and full address, 
street and house number, should be given. 

In filing on or before a given date is desired it should be so stated. 

If application is to be made under the Convention, it is necessary, in certain 
countries, to file proof of the prior application relied on. For particulars see 
"International Convention." 

In some cases signed papers are required in addition to the power of at- 
torney. Forms for such will be furnished on request. 

Claims. — In most of the European countries which examine applications, 
claims, as presented in the United States are not acceptable. The German form 
of claim is generally looked upon with more favor. 

German claims may and preferably should be functional in their character. 
They must present a "new technical effect" rather than a new combination of 
elements. The invention should be claimed in its broadest aspect in the first 
claim, and a limited number of claims may be added covering sub-combinations 
or modifications of what is covered by the first claim, to which all subsequent 
claims must refer back. 

Such claims are now preferred in Great Britain over those drawn accord- 
ing to United States practice. 

Attorneys will do well in forwarding applications to send with the specifica- 
tion and claims as filed in the United States, a separate statement showing the 
features for which protection is chiefly desired. Such a statement will be of 
great assistance in framing the claims for the foreign applications and in the 
subsequent prosecution of the same. If desired I can prepare the claims here 
in the preferred form for foreign application and submit them for approval be- 
fore the cases are sent abroad for filing. 

Copies of Specification, — Where it is not convenient to furnish more than 
one copy of the specification and claims in English, I can procure any desired 
number of photolithographic copies at very moderate cost. 

-Drawings. — Photolithographs of the drawing filed in connection with the 
United States application will serve for filing abroad, if well executed, upon 
suitable material, of proper size. I can procure these when desired, at moderate 
cost. 

Examination of Applications. — In Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, 
Great Britain, Holland, Hungary, Norway, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Canada, Cuba, 
Chili, Japan and Australia applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 
In France, Luxemburg and New Zealand, as to form only. The character and 
extent of this examination varies in the several countries and is probably more 
severe in Germany than in any other country. 

Opposition. — The laws of a number of countries provide for laying the ap- 
plication open to public inspection and for the entering of opposition to the 
grant. As a matter of fact, however, oppositions are seldom entered. 

Marking "Patented." — This is required in several countries, as follows: 
Switzerland. — The Federal Cross (see Patent Deed) and the number of the 
patent. 

Canada. — "Patented," followed by the year. 

U 



Mexico. — "Patentado," followed by number and date. 

Japan.— Marking may be in the form here shown, the number and date being 
inserted in both English and Japanese characters. 




France. — If the patent is mentioned, the legend "Brevete, S. G. D. G." should be 
used. 

Germany.— The use of the legend "Deutsches Reichs Patent," or the letters 
"D. R. P.," is suggested by the German Office. 

Great Britain. — "Patented No. of (give year) " 

Australia. — "Patented," followed by number and date. 

Nezi/ Zealand. ^''Fatented New Zealand," followed by number. 

Salvador. — "Patentado," followed by number and date. 

Nicaragua. — "Patentado," followed by number and date. 

Assignments of Patents. — These should be prepared in strict accordance 
with the varying requirements of the different countries, and should be pre- 
sented for record with a minimum of delay after execution. Original patent 
deeds should be sent, wherever possible, when instructing me to prepare assign- 
m^ents. 

Permanent Agents or Attorneys. — A considerable number of countries require 
that the patentee shall continue throughout the life of the patent to be repre- 
sented by a local attorney, and the power given to the attorney to enable him 
to apply for the patent continues him as such attorney. For this reason it is 
in the client's interest to avoid difficulty, which may otherwise arise, by making 
payment of taxes, so far as possible, through the agent through whom the 
patent was obtained. In case of change a new power should be given the new 
agent. 

Copies of Patents. — Printed copies of patents are now issued by the follow- 
ing countries, and I can procure and furnish such copies to order: 

Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Norway, Russia, 
Sweden and Switzerland. 

Tax Notices. — It is my practice to keep careful record of all patents obtained 
through my office, and of other patents placed on my books by request, and to 
send without charge timely notice of taxes and workings required. 

A special department is maintained in my office for this purpose, and all 
reasonable measures are taken to insure accuracy. I cannot, however, accept 
responsibility for any loss or damage that may occur through failure to receive 
such notices. 

Payment of Taxes in Lump Sum. — Payment of taxes can usually be made 
for a number of years in advance if so desired. 

Grace. — Attention is called to the fact that grace is not in all cases granted 
as a matter of course and delay must, in some cases, be justified. The safer 
course, and more economical, is to pay before due date. 

Working Requirements. — The provision of the French law on this subject 
may be translated as follows: 

Art. 32. The following shall be deprived of all their rights: 

J ***** * 

2. The patentee who has not worked his discovery or invention ifi France 
within the term of two years from the date of the signature of his patent, or 
who had ceased to work it during two consecutive years, unless, in the one case 
or the other, he justifies himself as to the causes of his inaction. 

2 ***** * 

This quotation is typical, perhaps, of the provision regarding working in 
such patent laws as require working. 

What constitutes a sufficient working can only be determined by taking into 
consideration the conditions of each particular case. It may, however, be said 

12 



that manufacture in the country in question on a commercial scale will un- 
doubtedly be sufficient, and on the other hand, that nothing less will afford 
absolute security. 

Where working on a commercial scale is out of the question and the inven- 
tion is a simple one, it is best to arrange to have it made on a limited scale, and 
offered for sale, and to obtain proof of the steps taken. In a similar case where 
a complex invention, or one relating to public service or the like, is involved, 
direct offers of license may be made to parties likely to be interested, and ad- 
vertisements published in suitable journals. 

It may be said in general that where a considerable demand is supplied en- 
tirely, or almost entirely, from abroad, failure to manufacture in the country 
to a sufficient extent must have strong justification if the patent is to be sus- 
tained. 

Working. International Convention. — While the patent laws of Belgium, 
France, Italy, Portugal and Cuba require working to be begun within a shorter 
term than three years, they being members of the International Union are bound 
by the provisions of Article 3 6w of the Additional Act of Brussels, and their 
patents held by citizens of countries members of the Union, cannot be declared 
void for non-working until after the lapse of three years from date of application. 

Compulsory License. — About one-half of all countries granting patent pro- 
tection, of which Great Britain and her Colonies constitute the majority, have in- 
corporated into their laws a provision for the compulsory granting of licenses, 
upon application therefor, in cases where the invention is not being adequately 
worked under the patent. In a small proportion of the countries this provision 
exists side by side with the working requirements, but in most cases it has been 
adopted in lieu thereof. 

Documents. — Blank forms in readiness for execution will be furnished to at- 
torneys on request therefor. 

Execution of Documents. — All documents requiring applicant's signature 
should be signed with his full name, not initials only. Where it is required 
that the signature be legalized by a Consul I can procure the legalization, if the 
documents are executed before a Notary Public and his certificate is attached. 



13 



EUROPE. 

AUSTRIA. 

Law. — The law is that of January ii, 1897, which took effect January i, 1899, 
as amended December 29, 1908. Austria-Hungary became a member of the 
International Union January i, 1909. A Hungarian patent must be the subject 
of a separate application. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date 
of publication of the grant; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the 
original patent. Applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal suc- 
cessor. A firm or corporation may apply. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application 
filed in a Convention country and priority must be claimed at the time of filing 
application; otherwise, application should be made before the invention has been 
so described in printed publications, or so publicly used or exhibited, that use of 
the same by persons skilled in the art is possible, and, hence, before the issuance 
of any other patent for the same invention. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to laws or morals, injurious to health, 
or designed to deceive the public ; scientific theorems or principles ; inventions, 
the subject matter of which is reserved as a State monopoly; articles serving 
for human nourishment; medicines or disinfectants; and substances produced by 
chemical processes, although the processes themselves may be patented. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are granted subject to the payment of taxes 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of publication of the grant. Three 
months' grace is allowed upon payment of a fine. There are no annual taxes 
payable upon patents of addition. 

Working. — After three years from the grant a patent may be wholly or par- 
tially withdrawn, if the patentee has neglected to work the invention in the 
country to a suitable extent, or to do everything necessary to ensure such work- 
ing. In case the invention is worked abroad and Austrian demand is met chiefly 
by importation, threat of revocation may be made before the expiry of three 
years, and a period fixed within which working in Austria must begin. Such period 
will, in no case, expire before the expiry of the three year term. 

Compulsory License. — The Patent Office has the power in certain ca5es, after 
the lapse of three years from the publication of the grant, to compel the grant 
of licenses and to fix the terms thereof. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties, assignments 
should be entered in the patent register. To effect such entry, the following 
papers are required : i. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a Notary 
Public, and legalized by an Austro-Hungarian Consul; 2. Power to register, 
signed by the assignee, acknowledged before a Notary Public and legalized by an 
Austro-Hungarian Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on tracing 
linen; 33 or 34 centimetres (13 or 13^ inches) in height by 21, 42 or 63 centi- 
metres (854, 16^ or 24 13/16 inches) in width. A single marginal line must be 
drawn all around the sheet 2 centimetres (13/16 of an inch) from edge, and a 
clear space of 3 centimetres (1% inches) left at the top of the sheet within the 
margin. 

14 



4. Certified Copy. — In the case of an application filed under the Convention, 
a certified copy of the application, with drawings, on which priority is based, 
showing date of filing. A certified printed copy of patent will serve if the same 
is identical with the application on which it issued. 

5. Specimens. — If the invention relates to dyes, or to a process for producing 
anilin colors or pigments, dyed specimens on wool, silk or cotton are ;-equired. 
These specimens should be affixed to sheets of bristol board 33 or 34 centimetres 
in height by 21 centimetres in width. Specimens should be filed in three shades 
of each color and a full description of the dyeing process filed, clearly stating 
all particulars. 

BELGIUM. 

Law. — The law is that of May 24, 1854, as amended December 9, 1901. Bel- 
gium is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a term of twenty years from 
the date of application; patents of importation are limited to the term of the 
prior foreign patent having the longest term, but not to exceed twenty years; 
patents of addition are granted for the unexpired term of the original patent. 
No examination is made as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Any person may obtain a patent, an individual, firm or corpora- 
tion. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention application 
m.ay be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application 
filed in a Convention country. Otherwise, application for a patent of invention 
should be made before commercial use in Belgium by a third party, before pub- 
lication of the invention, and before patent is actually issued in any other coun- 
try. Application for patent of importation may be made at any time during the 
term of the foreign patent provided the invention has not been in commercial 
use in Belgium by others, and provided there has been no publication (other 
than such as result from a legal requirement) of a complete description and 
exact drawings of the patented article. 

Unpatentable. — Any discovery or improvement incapable of being worked as 
an article of industry or commerce. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention and importation are subject to the payment 
of taxes, yearly in advance, counting from the filing date. One month's grace 
without fine and five months additional with fine, is allowed. 

Working. — The law requires that the patented invention be worked in Belgium 
within one year of its first commercial working elsewhere, and that the working 
be not thereafter discontinued for any twelve consecutive months. Citizens of 
Convention countries, however, enjoy three years from date of application in 
which to commence working. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — The assignment of a patent is required to be registered. The 
document should be in duplicate. No legalization necessary. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — No signature required. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate, on tracing cloth; 34 centimetres (13H inches) 
by 21 centimetres (8% inches) with margin line all around of 4^ centimetres 
(1% inches). Size of drawings may be doubled or trebled, but must be capable 
of folding to the dimensions given above. 

BULGARIA. 

No patent^ law exists in this country, and, so far as we know, there is no 
way in which inventions may be effectually protected. 

CHANNEL ISLANDS. 
Guernsey — Jersey. 
Protection may be obtained in Guernsey for inventions already patented in 
Great Britain, or in other foreign countries, by filing in the archives of the 
Island a certified copy of the foreign patent. 



In Jersey protection may be had only for inventions previously patented in 
Great Britain, and this is obtained by filing a certified copy of the British patent 
with the Royal Court. 

There seems to be no protection obtainable in the islands of Alderney, Sark 
or Herm. 

DENMARK. 

Law. — The law is that of March 28, 1894, which took effect July i, 1894, as 
amended by the laws of September 28, 1894, of March 29, 1901, and September 
12, 1902. Denmark is a member of the International Union. The patent extends 
to the Faeroe Islands. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for the term of fifteen years; 
patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original patent. Applications 
are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the actual inventor or his legal suc- 
cessor. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed 
in a Convention country; otherwise, application should be made before the in- 
vention has been described in detail in generally accessible prints, and before it 
is openly used in Denmark. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions of no substantial importance, and those contrary 
to law, morality or public order; inventions of medicines and articles of food and 
refreshment, and methods of producing articles of food. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are subject to the payment of taxes, yearly in 
advance, counting from the date of issue. Three months' grace are allowed upon 
payment of a fine. 

Working. — Patented inventions must be worked within three years of issue, 
and working must not thereafter be interrupted for more than one year. Under 
certain circumstances the Patent Commission may extend the term, or release 
the patentee from the obligation to work the invention. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment.— Assignments should be entered in the Patent Register and 
advertised. The documents required are: i. Assignment signed by assignor, 
acknowledged before a notary public and legalized by a Danish Consul; 2. An 
acceptance of the assignment signed by the assignee, acknowledged and legalized. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — No signature required. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, one on tracing linen; 
13 inches by 8% inches, 16^, or 24^ inches. A single marginal line 13/16 of an 
inch from edge. A space of 13/16 inches left blank at top below marginal line. 

FINLAND. 

Law. — The law is that of January 21, 1898, and took effect January i, 1899. 
Finland is not a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from date of 
grant. Patents of addition are granted for the unexpired term of the principal 
patent. Applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — The patentee may be the actual inventor or his legal successor. 

Novelty. — Application should be filed before the invention has been pub- 
lished in detail or publicly used, except that official publications resulting from the 
grant of a foreign patent are not a bar to the grant of a patent in Finland if 
application is made within six months of the date of publication in question. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions the use of which is contrary to law or morality. 
Articles of food or medicine, and compositions produced by chemical processes; 
but the processes of producing these may be patented. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are subject to an annual tax payable in advance. 
Three months' grace is allowed upon payment of a fine. 

16 



Working. — If the invention is not utilized in Finland, and is exercised abroad, 
the patentee is required to provide the Finnish public with the article on reason- 
able terms. Failing to do so his patent may be forfeited. (See, also, "Com- 
pulsory License.") 

Compulsory License. — If the patentee has not, within three years of the 
grant of the patent, brought the invention into practice in Finland, he is re- 
quired, on application therefor, to grant license to others to use the invention. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented," but false marking is punishable with a heavy fine. 

Assignment. — The assignment of a patent to be effective against third parties 
must be entered in the Patent Register, The documents required are: i. Deed, 
in duplicate, signed by assignor; 2. Power of Attorney, in duplicate, signed by as- 
signee. Both documents should be acknowledged before a Notary Public and 
legalized by a Russian Consul. The duplicate copies will be retained by the 
Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Acknowledged before a Notary Public. 

2. Specification. — In duplicate. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate. May be on tracing linen and of any suitable 
size. 

FRANCE. 

Law. — The law is that of July 5, 1844, as amended by the laws of May 31, 
1856; July 9, 1901; April 7, 1902; April 15, 1902, and April 11, 1908. France is a 
member of the International Union. The French patent extends to Algeria and 
to all the French Colonies, namely: French West Africa (Senegal, French Gui- 
nea, Ivory Coast, Dahomey, Upper Senegal and Niger); French Congo; Mad- 
agascar and dependencies; Mayotte and Comoro; Reunion; French Coast of 
Somali; Indo-China (Cochin China, Cambodia, Annam, Tonking); French Indian 
Establishment; New Caledonia; French Establishment of Oceanica; Guadeloupe; 
Martinique; St. Pierre and Miquelon and French Guiana. It does not extend to 
Tunis, for which separate patent may be obtained. 

Patents. — Patents of Invention are granted nominally for five, ten or fifteen 
years, but in practice for fifteen years from the date of filing. Certificates of Ad- 
dition are granted for the unexpired term of the principal patent. Applications 
are subject to examination as to form but not as to novelty. 

Patentee. — The inventor or his legal successor, whether an individual, firm 
or corporation, may apply for a patent. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention, application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application in 
a Convention country; otherwise, application should be filed before the inven- 
tion has received sufficient publicity, either in France or abroad, to enable it to 
be worked. 

Unpatentable. — Pharmaceutical compositions or medicines; schemes and com- 
binations relating to finance; theoretical, or purely scientific principles, the in- 
dustrial application of which is not indicated; inventions contrary to public order, 
morality, or the laws of the country. 

Taxes. — Patents are granted subject to taxes payable yearly, in advance, 
counting from the date of filing. One, two or three months grace is allowed 
upon payrnent of a fine. 

Working. — The patented invention must, under penalty of forfeiture of the 
patent, be worked in France within two years of the date of the signature of 
the patent, and working must not be discontinued for two consecutive years. 
Under the same penalty, importation of articles similar to the patented articles 
and made abroad is prohibited. Citizens of Convention countries, however, en- 
joy three years from date of application in which to commence working. 

Marking. — It is not required that an article be marked to indicate that it is 
patented, but, if the patent is referred to, the words "Sans garantie du Gouverne- 
ment" rnust be added under penalty of heavy fine. 

Assignment. — No assignment can be recorded until the annual taxes for the 
full term of the patent have first been paid. In view of the considerable cost 
occasioned by this requirement, it is usual to simply prepare a power of attorney 

17 



authorizing an agent (a blank being left for his name) to effect the assign- 
ment. This paper is signed by the parties before a Notary Public, legalized by a 
French Consul and retained by the purchaser until he is ready to meet the re- 
quirement. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed bj^ applicant, no legalization. 

2. Specification. — Closing with a resume (claims are not permitted) ; total 
length not to exceed 3,500 words. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate. No more than ten sheets of drawings 
may be used. Drawings must be well executed on sheets of bristol 
board (duplicates on cloth or paper) measuring 33 centimetres (13 inches) by 
21 or 42 centimetres (S% or 165/^ inches) with margin of 2 centimetres (13/16 
of an inch) all around. Reference figures should be from 3 to 8 millimeters (^ 
to s/i6 inch) in height, preferably at least 4 millimetres. 

4. Convention Application. — It is required that the date and the serial num- 
ber of all prior foreign applications upon the same subject matter be stated. 

GERMANY. 

Law. — The laws are those of April 7, 1891, and January i, 1901, and decree 
of April 9, 1903. Germany is a member of the International Union. The pat- 
ent is effective in all German Colonies. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the day 
following the date of application. Patents of addition are granted for the un- 
expired term of the principal patent. (See also "Gebrauchsmuster.") Applica- 
tions are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — The person, firm or corporation who first applies for a patent in 
accordance with the law is entitled to the grant of the patent. In case applicant 
is not the inventor he should obtain and keep the written consent of the in- 
ventor, as an applicant, other than the inventor, has no right to a patent granted 
him on an application made without permission from the inventor, if the latter 
objects to the grant. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention, application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application 
filed in a Convention country. Otherwise, application should be made before the 
invention has been so described in printed publications of the last hundred 
years, or so publicly used in Germany that its use by experts appears possible. 
The official publications of foreign countries, unless expressly excepted, are con- 
sidered printed publications within the meaning of the law. The Official Gazette 
of the United States is not so excepted. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to law and morality; inventions relating 
to articles of food, medicines, and substances prepared by chemical processes, 
so far as the invention does not relate to the method of producing such articles. 

Taxes. — Taxes are payable yearly m advance, counting from the date of 
filing. Six weeks' grace is allowed without fine, and a further six weeks subject 
to the payment of a fine of 10 Marks. 

Working. — By an agreement between the United States and Germany, pro- 
claimed August I, 1909, it is provided, as to citizens of the United States, that 
working in the United States shall be deemed equivalent to working in Ger- 
many; except as thus provided, the patented invention must, under penalty of 
revocation, be worked in Germany to an adequate extent within three years 
from the publication of the grant, or at least everything necessary to ensure 
the carrying out of the invention must be done. 

Compulsory License. — The patent may be revoked at the end of three years 
if the owner refuses to grant for reasonable compensation licenses to others to 
work the invention, when it appears to be to the public interest that he should 
do so. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — The papers necessary for recording of an assignment are: i. 
An assignment, signed by the assignor, acknowledged before a Notary and legal- 
ized by a German Consul; 2. A Power of Attorney, signed by the assignee, no 
legalization required. 

18 



Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No witnesses nor legalization required. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings.~One set on bristol board and one on tracing linen. Size 33 
by 21 or ss by 42 centimetres (13 by 8% or 13 by i6>^ inches). Without margin 
lines. 

4. Certified Copy. — With an application made under the provisions of the 
International Convention a certified copy of the specification and drawings filed 
or of the patent as issued in connection with the first foreign application must 
be filed. 

Gebrauchsmuster. 

Under the law of June i, 1901, a model of an implement, or other useful 
article, or a part of such implement or article may be protected by applying for 
Gebrauchsmuster registration, sometimes known as a Utility Model Patent, or 
Petty Patent. This form of protection is usually applied for in the case of small 
articles which it would not pay to patent on account of the heavy annuities, and 
also in the case of articles which have formed the subject of patent applications, 
but have been rejected. The law requires the article to be adaptable to manu- 
facture or practical use, and to present a novel form or configuration, a novel 
arrangement or a novel device. Only subjects or citizens of the countries be- 
longing to the International Union, or of countries granting similar protection 
to German subjects, are entitled to Gebrauchsmuster registration, the latter only 
after proclamation to that effect in the official law gazette. Registration is 
granted without preliminary examination, but is subject to annulment if the 
article for which it was granted had been, at the time of the application, de- 
scribed in public print or publicly used in Germany. The term of protection is 
three years, renewable for an additional three years. A patent application and 
an application for Gebrauchsmuster registration may both be filed at the same 
time, and the latter application held in abeyance until it is determined whether 
the invention is patentable or not, when the Gebrauchsmuster application may be 
either withdrawn or proceeded with. 

Documents Required. 

1. Pojver of Attorney. — No legalization required. 

2. Petition. — Stating name and domicile of the applicant, a title expressing 
in concise form the special features of the model, and a statement defining the 
features claimed as new. This petition is usually prepared and signed by the 
agent. 

3. Specification. — If the applicant deems same necessary. 

4. Model or Drawings. — Either may be furnished at applicant's option. If 
drawings are furnished they should be in duplicate on tracing linen. 



GIBRALTAR. 

Protection in this colony may be obtained, in the case of inventions already 
patented in Great Britain, by applying for a special grant, having the force of 
letters patent. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant and two witnesses. 

2. Certified copy of British Letters Patent. 

3. Specification. — In duplicate; must be copies of the complete British 
Specification, and one copy must be certified by the British Patent Office. 

4. Drawings. — In duplicate; on tracing linen or bristol board of any suit- 
able size; no signature necessary. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

Law. — The law is that of August 28, 1907, which took effect January i, 1908, 
as amended August i, 1908. For text see, 6 P. & T. M. Rev. 2200 and 2480. 
Great Britain is a member of the International Union. The British patent ex- 
tends to Great Britain, Ireland and the Isle of Man. 

19 



Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for the term of fourteen years 
from the date of the application. Provisional protection may also be obtained 
for a period of six months. Unless complete specifications are filed within the 
six months the application becomes abandoned. Patents of addition are granted 
for the unexpired term of the original patent. Applications are subject to ex- 
amination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by any person who claims to be the 
true and first inventor, either alone or jointly with any other person, or, by any 
one residing in Great Britain to whom the invention has been communicated by 
any one residing abroad. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention, application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed 
in a Convention country. Otherwise, application should be made before publica- 
tion in Great Britain, and before public manufacture, use or sale in Great Britain. 

Unpatentable. — "The Comptr-oller may refuse to grant a patent for an in- 
vention * * * of which the use would, in his opinion, be contrary to law or 
morality." 

Taxes. — Patents are granted subject to the payment of renewal fees before 
the end of the fourth and eighth years, respectively; or, in lieu of these fees, pay- 
ment may be made before the end of the fourth year, and annually thereafter. 
The latter is the usual practice. The time for paying may be enlarged not ex- 
ceeding three months upon payment of an additional fee. 

Working. — Section 27 of the Act, provides in substance that, after the ex- 
piry of four years from the date of a patent any person may apply for revoca- 
tion of the same, on the ground that the patented article is manufactured or the 
process carried on exclusively or mainly outside the United Kingdom. The 
Comptroller is required to consider the application, and unless the patentee 
proves that manufacture is carried on in the United Kingdom to an adequate 
extent, or gives satisfactory reasons why it is not, he may order the patent re- 
voked. A number of patents have been revoked under this section. In general, 
actual manufacture on a commercial scale is required. 

Compulsory License. — Any person interested may present a petition to the 
Board of Trade alleging that the reasonable requirements of the public with 
respect to a patented invention have not been satisfied, and praying for the grant 
of a compulsory license, or, in the alternative, for the revocation of the patent. 
If the Board of Trade is satisfied that a prima facie case has been made out, they 
shall refer the petition to the Court, and, if the Board of Trade are not so satis- 
fied, they may dismiss the petition. If it is proved to the satisfaction of the 
Court that the reasonable requirements of the public with reference to the pat- 
ented invention have not been satisfied, the patentee may be ordered by the 
Court to grant licenses on such terms as the Court may think just, or, if the 
Court is of the opinion that the reasonable requirements of the public will not 
be satisfied by the grant of licenses, the patent may be revoked by order of the 
Court. Provided, that an order of revocation shall not be made before the ex- 
piration of three years from the date of the patent, or, if the patentee gives 
satisfactory reasons for his default. 

Marking. — The law does not require that the article be marked ''patented," 
but does provide that this, or any similar word or words, shall not constitute 
notice unless accompanied by the year and number of the patent. 

Assignment. — When the assignment of a patent is entered in the patent reg- 
ister the latter becomes prima facie evidence thereof. The actual consideration is 
required to be disclosed and stamp duty paid thereon, and if a nominal considera- 
tion is mentioned in the deed of assignment it is generally required that further 
documentary evidence be produced as to the real consideration. For the entry 
oi an assignment the documents required are: i. An assignment, in duplicate, 
signed by the assignor and two witnesses. 2. A request, signed by the assignee, 
that his name be entered as that of the new proprietor. 

Documents Required. 

1. Authorization. — Signed by applicant. No witnesses. No legalization nec- 
essary, 

2. Application. — Signed by applicant. No witnesses. No legalization nec- 
essary, 

20 



3. Specification. — In duplicate. Both copies originals (not carbon copies), 
on good white, stiff paper, 8 by 13 inches, with two-inch margin on left hand 
side. Signature unnecessary, but if one is signed both must be signed by ap- 
plicant. 

4. Drawings. — In duplicate. On bristol board, 8 by 13, or 16 by 13 inches. 
Single margin line one-half inch from edge. Reference letters one-third of an 
inch or more in size. No signature necessary. Duplicate drawings must be 
lettered with black lead pencil. 

5. Provisional Protection. — Authorization; application with declaration, 
which need only broadly outline the invention. Provisional Specification, in 
duplicate. No claims are required. Drawings are only required when the same 
are referred to in the provisional specification. 

6. Completing Provisional. — Complete Specification, in duplicate with 
claims, and drawings, unless the last named were filed with the provisional ap- 
plication. 

Documents Required When Applying Under Convention. 

1. Authorization. — Signed by applicant. No witnesses. No legalization 
necessary. 

2. Application. — Special form required in which applicant should give par- 
ticulars regarding any prior applications on his invention. This should be signed 
by applicant. No witnesses nor legalization necessary. 

3. Declaration. — Signed by applicant before a notary public. No legaliza- 
tion necessary. 

4. Certified Copy of the specification and drawings as originally filed in 
connection with the first foreign application. 

5. Specification. — In duplicate, as for ordinary application. 

6. Drawings. — In duplicate, as for ordinary application, but must correspond 
with those of the application upon which Convention rights are claimed. 

GREECE. 

Inventions can be protected in Greece only by way of special legislative grant. 

HOLLAND. (THE NETHERLANDS.) 

Law. — The law is that of November 7, 1910. For translation see 9 P. & T. M. 
Rev. 3508. It is expected that May 15, 1912, will be named as the date on which 
it will take effect. The patent will be effective in the Dutch Colonies, namely, 
Dutch East Indies, Surinam and Curasao. Holland is a member of the Inter- 
national Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a term of fifteen years from 
a date not earlier than nine months after the specification is laid open to public 
inspection. Patents of addition may be granted only to the owner of the prin- 
cipal patent and expire therewith. Applications are subject to examination as 
to novelty. 

Patentee. — The first applicant is deemed to be the inventor unless the con- 
tents of his application have been illicitly taken from the description, drawings, 
models, etc., of another. 

Novelty. — In conformity with the provisions of the International Convention 
application may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest ap- 
plication filed in a Convention Country. Otherwise application should be filed 
before the invention has received sufficient publicity in Holland or elsewhere 
to enable an expert to manufacture the article or carry out the process. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions whose objects are contrary to law, public order 
or morality. A product itself is unpatentable but a patent for a process ex- 
tends to the product of such process. 

Taxes. — Taxes are payable yearly in advance before the last day of the 
month in which the patent was granted. Three months' grace are allowed upon 
payment of a fine. 

Working. — Working should be effected to an adequate extent within five 
years from the date of the patent; otherwise the patent shall be revoked by 
the Patent Office, unless there appear to be satisfactory reasons for failure to 
work the invention. 

21 



Compulsory License. — If the invention is not worked to an adequate extent 
after the lapse of three years from the date of the patent, the patentee may be 
compelled to grant such license for working the invention as is desirable in 
public interest. Should the patentee refuse to grant a license, such license shall, 
on the petition of the interested parties, be granted by the Patent Oflfice, if the 
latter shall find good reasons therefor. 

Marking. — Patented articles must be marked to indicate that they are pat- 
ented. The precise form of marking has not yet been fixed by General Rules, 

but probably marking "'Octrooi Xo " will be sufficient. Failure to mark may 

cause a fine to be imposed upon the patentee. 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties assignments 
should be entered in the patent register. To effect such entry the following 
papers are required: i. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a Xo- 
tarj- Public and legalized bj* a Consul of Holland. 2. A power to register signed 
bj' the assignee. Xo legalization required. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — X'o legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — One set on bristol board and one on tracing linen. Size 33 
by 21 or 33 by 42 centimetres (13 by 8^1 or 13 by 1654 inches), without margin 
lines. 

4. Certified Copy. — With an application made under the provisions of the 
International Convention a certified copy of the specification and drawings as 
filed, or of the patent as issued, in connection with the first foreign application, 
must be filed. 

HUNGARY. 

Law. — The law is that of July 7, 1895, and took effect March i, 1896. 
Austria-Hungary became a member of the International Union January i, 1909. 
An Austrian patent must be the subject of a separate application. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date 
of application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original patent. 
Applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application maj^ be made by the actual inventor or his legal 
successor. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application 
filed in a Convention countr>', and priority must be claimed at the time of filing 
application; otherwise, application should be made before the invention has 
been so made known by publication or working that it can be used by persons 
skilled in the art. Such publication or working, however, is not a bar to a 
valid patent, if it took place more than one hundred years before the date of 
application. 

Unpatentable, — Inventions contrary to law, or morals: inventions relating to 
arms for war purposes, explosives, ammunition, fortifications, or ships of war, 
provided the Minister of Commerce enters opposition: scientific theorems or 
principles, as such; articles serving for human nourishment, medicines, and 
articles produced by chemical processes, although a chemical process itself may 
be patented: inventions, the essence of which has been taken from another with- 
out permission, if he enters opposition. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are subject to the payment of taxes yearly in 
advance, counting from application date. Thirty- days' grace, without fine, are 
allowed, and a further thirtj- daj's with a fine. There are no annual taxes pay- 
able upon patents of addition. 

Working. — After three years from the grant a patent may be wholly or 
partialh- withdrawn, if the patentee has neglected to work the invention in the 
country to a suitable extent, or to do ever^-thing necessary to ensure such 
working. In case the invention is worked abroad and Hungarian demand is met 
chiefly by importation, threat of revocation may be made before the expiry of 
three years and a period fixed within which working in Hungary must begin. 
Such period will in no case expire before the expiry of the three year term. 

22 



Compulsory License. — The Patent Office has the power in certain cases, after 
the lapse of three years from the publication of the grant, to compel the grant 
of licenses, and to fix the terms thereof. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties assignments 
should be entered in the patent register. To effect such entry the following 
papers are required: i. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a 
Notary Public and legalized by an Austro-Hungarian Consul. 2. A power to 
register, signed by the grantee, acknowledged before a Notary Public, and 
legalized by an Austro-Hungarian Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Legalized by Austro-Hungarian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on trac- 
ing linen; 33 or 34 centimetres (13 or 13^ inches) in height by 21, 42 or 63 
centimetres (S%, 16}^ or 24 13/16 inches) in width. A single marginal line 
must be drawn all around the sheet 2 centimetres (13/16 of an inch) from edge, 
and a clear space of 3 centimetres (i^ inches) left at the top of the sheet 
within the margin. 

4. Certified Copy. — In the case of an application filed under the Conven- 
tion, a certified copy of the application, with drawings, on which priority is 
based, showing date of filing. A certified printed copy of patent will serve if 
the same is identical with the application on which it issued. 

5. Specimens. — If the invention relates to the manufacture of chemical 
products (explosives excepted) samples of the final products, and of the new 
intermediate products must be supplied, in bottles of 30 mm. (13/16 inches) in 
diameter and 80 mm. (3^^ inches) in height. In case of dyes or coloring mat- 
ters, samples in duplicate of dyed stuff, showing the different stages of the 
process, must be furnished. The samples are to be fixed on sheets of bristol board 
measuring 33 centimetres (13 inches) in height by 21 centimetres (8^ inches) 
in width. 

ICELAND. 

There is no statute providing for the issuance of patents, but Iceland being 
a Danish possession, patents are granted by the King of Denmark upon the 
same general terms and conditions as the Danish patent. 

For documents required see "Denmark." 

ITALY. 

Law. — The law is that of Sardinia of October 30, 1859, applied to the King- 
dom of Italy by the law of January 31, 1864, as amended by that of December 
12, 1901, and of July 16, 1905. Italy is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention or patents of importation are granted for 
from one to fifteen years as elected by the applicant. If granted for a less term 
than fifteen years they may, by one or more prolongations, be extended to not 
exceeding fifteen years in all, but, in case prior foreign patent exist, will expire 
with the expiry of the foreign patent granted for the longest term. According 
to the letter of the law patents of importation only should be applied for when 
the invention has already been patented in a foreign country, but it has become 
the rule to apply in all cases for patents of invention and this course has been 
approved by_ the Courts. Patents of addition are granted for the unexpired term 
of the principal patent. No examination is made as to novelty. 

Patentee. — The inventor, or his legal successor, whether individual, firm or 
corporation, may apply for a patent. 

Novelty. — Under the provisions of the International Convention, application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application 
filed in a Convention country; otherwise, patents of invention should be ap- 
plied for before the invention is published or publicly known in Italy. Patents 
of importation may be obtained at any time before the expiration of the for- 

23 



eign patent, and before importation into and use of the invention in Italy by 
persons other than the inventor. But a valid patent of invention may be ob- 
tained in any case where a valid patent of importation may be obtained, as ex- 
plained under "Patents." 

Unpatentable. — Inventions relating to trades contrary to law, morals or 
public safety; inventions not relating to the manufacture of material objects; all 
kinds of medicines. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention and importation, and certificates of prolonga- 
tion are subject to a tax, proportional to the length of time for which applica- 
tion is made, which is payable at the time of application; and also to a tax, 
payable annually in advance, counting from the date of application. 
Three months' grace is allowed without paj^ment of fine. Patents of addition 
are not subject to the payment of annual taxes. 

Prolongation. — Patents granted for less than fifteen years may be prolonged, 
but not bej-ond fifteen years in all. Application must be made before the ex- 
piry of the original term. No grace is allowed. 

Working. — If the invention has been patented for a term less than six years 
the working must be commenced within one year of the date of the patent, 
and must not entire!}^ cease for any one entire year thereafter. If patented 
for six years or more, the working must be commenced within two years of the 
date of the patent and must not entirely cease for any two years. Citizens of 
Convention countries, however, enjoy three j-ears from date of application in 
which to commence working. Patentees rights are not forfeited if he can prove 
that his failure to work his invention is attributable to causes beyond his con- 
trol. Want of pecuniary means is not included in these causes. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked to 
indicate that they are patented. 

Assignment. — The assignment of a patent is required to be registered, and 
published in the official gazette, and is effective against third parties only from 
the date of registration. The deed of assignment must be signed by both as- 
signor and assignee, and the signatures legalized by an Italian Consul, a power 
of attorney is required, signed by the assignee, and legalized, and the original 
patent, and all patents of addition, if any, must be presented for endorsement. 
In case of partial or qualified assignment all annual taxes must be paid before 
the assignment will be registered. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney.— Legalized by Italian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In triplicate; one on bristol board, and two on tracing cloth, 
any convenient size. 

4. Certified Copy. — In the case of an application filed under the Convention 
a certified copy of the foreign patent upon which the application is based, or, 
in case patent has not issued, certified copy of application, or certificate that 
application has been filed. This document must be legalized by an Italian 
Consul. 

LUXEMBURG. 

Law. — The law is that of June 30, 1880. Luxem^burg is not a member of the 
International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date 
of application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the principal patent. 
A Luxemburg patent becomes extinct, if a patent for the same invention is not 
applied for within three months in the States with which Luxemburg is con- 
nected by treaties of "Customs Union" (Germany at present), or if, having been 
applied for within that time, the patent is refused; or if, having been granted, 
it is withdrawn, annulled or terminated in any manner, excepting only the case 
of annulment for failure to work. No examination is made as to novelty. 

Patentee. — The first applicant is entitled to the grant, whether person, firm 
or corporation. In case applicant is not the inventor he should obtain and keep 
the written consent of the inventor, as a patent is voidable if it is proved that 
it was granted on an application made by any one, other than the inventor, 
without his permission. 

24 



Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been so de- 
scribed in public prints, or so publicly worked, either in Luxemburg or in one 
of the States of the German Customs Union, that it is possible for experts to 
work it. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to law or morals, inventions having for 
their object food or other articles of consumption, or substances obtained by 
chemical means, unless they relate to definite processes for the manufacture of 
these articles. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are subject to an annual tax, payable in ad- 
vance. Three months grace without fine is allowed for paying the tax. 

Working. — The patent may be revoked, if after three years the patentee 
neglects to work the invention in Luxemburg to a suitable extent, or at least 
to do all that is necessary to secure this working. 

Compulsory Licenses. — After three years it may be declared by a Royal 
Grand Ducal Decree, that the interests of the public require that licenses be 
granted to those who have made application for same. The compensation for 
same is, in cases of non-agreement, to be fixed by judicial decision. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — The documents may be prepared in French, should be in 
duplicate, and should be legalized by a Consul of Holland. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant before a Notary Public; no 
legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In triplicate, on cardboard or tracing cloth, of any con- 
venient size, unsigned. 



MALTA. 

Law. — The law is embodied in Ordinance No. XI of 1899, which took effect 
January i, 1900, as amended by Ordinance No. VII of 1907, assented to April 
12, 1907. For text see 3 P. & T. M. Rev., 992, and 7 P. & T. M. Rev., 2532. 
Malta is not a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fourteen years_ from date of 
application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the principal patent. 
Applications are subject to examination as to form. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor alone, or jointly with 
one or more other persons. 

Novelty. — Priority is granted to any person who, having applied for a pat- 
ent in the United Kingdom or in any British possession or in any State to 
which Great Britain has declared the provisions of the International Conven- 
tion to be applicable, applies in Malta within twelve months thereafter. Other- 
wise, application should be made before the invention has acquired sufficient 
publicity in Malta or abroad so that it can be put in practice. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to law, morality, or public security; in- 
ventions of which the purpose is other than the production of material objects; 
those which are purely theoretical; schemes and combinations of credit or 
finance. 

Taxes. — Patents are granted subject to the payment of a tax before the ex- 
piration of. the fourth year of the patent, and annually thereafter. Three months' 
grace, subject to an additional fee, is allowed for the payment of taxes. 

Working. — Not required, but see "Compulsory Assignment or License." 

Compulsory Assignment or License. — The holder of a patent may be com- 
pelled to assign his right, or to grant the use thereof, for a consideration to be 
determined by the competent Civil Court, if the invention to which the patent 
refers shall not have been put into use within three years subsequent to the 
concession, or if its working shall have been suspended for three consecutive 
years. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

25 



Assignment. — These are required to be registered and published and, as 
regards third parties, take effect only from date of registration. The docu- 
ments required are the deed of assignment, or an authentic copy thereof, and a 
power of attorney, legalized by a British Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed before two witnesses, acknowledged by 
Notary, and legalized by British Consul. 

2. Application.— In writing, containing a declaration that applicant, or one 
of the applicants, is the first and true inventor; signed by applicant before 
Notary Public, and legalized by British Consul. 

3. Specification. — In duplicate. Agent may sign. 

4. Certified Copy. — If priority from date of foreign patent is desired a 
certified copy of the latter must be filed. No legalization required. 

MONTENEGRO. 

There is in this State no law providing for the granting of patents. It is 
possible that protection for an invention might be obtained in the way of a 
special grant. 

NORWAY. 

Law. — The law is that of July 2, 1910, which took effect January i, 191 1. 
For translation see 9 P. & T. M. Rev., 3321. Norway is a member of the In- 
ternational Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date 
of application and patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original 
patent. Applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal suc- 
cessor. A firm or corporation may apply. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been so 
described in generally accessible publications or so publicly used or exhibited that 
use of the same by persons skilled in the art is possible. Patent specifications 
laid open by the Patent Office for public inspection either in Norway or abroad 
are not a bar. The King may, conditional upon reciprocity, determine that 
foreign official patent specifications shall constitute a bar only after a stated time; 
and may conclude agreements with foreign States whereby the citizens or sub- 
jects thereof, maj^, during a determined period after application is filed in a 
contracting State, file application in Norway without intervening facts consti- 
tuting a bar. Under the provisions of the International Convention applications 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed 
in a Convention country. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to law or injurious to morals or public 
order, and articles of food, medicine, or chemical combinations, although the 
processes themselves may be patented. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are granted subject to the payment of taxes 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of application. Three months' grace 
is allowed upon payment of a fine. There are no annual taxes payable on pat- 
ents of addition. Taxes accruing before the grant of the patent are payable 
simultaneously with the first tax falling due after grant. 

Working. — (See "Compulsory License.") 

Compulsory License. — If the invention has not been worked in the country 
to an adequate extent after the expiration of three years from the -date of is- 
sue of the patent, the patentee may be compelled to grant licenses for reason- 
able compensation. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties assignments 
should be entered in the patent register. To effect such entry the following 
papers are required: i. Assignment, which may be in the English language, 
executed and acknowledged before a Notary Public and legalized by a Nor- 
wegian Consul. 2. A power to register, signed by the Assignee. No legaliza- 
tion necessary. 

26 



Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on tracing 
linen; 33 centimetres (13 inches) in height by 21 or 42 centimetres {S}i or i6>^ 
inches) in width. 

4. Certified Copy. — In the case of an application, filed under the Conven- 
tion, a certified copy of the application, or of the patent as issued, on which 
claim for priority is based. No legalization necessary. 

PERSIA. 

There is no patent law in this country and the only manner in which inven- 
tions can be protected is by way of a special grant, a costly and uncertain pro- 
cedure and of doubtful value. 

PORTUGAL. 

Law. — The law is that of December 15, 1894, and Decree of March 16, 1905. 
Portugal is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — The patent covers Portugal, the Azores and the Madeira Islands. 
Patents are granted for fifteen years from the date of issue. Certificates of ad- 
dition are granted for the unexpired term of the original patent and only to the 
owner of tne original patent. No examination is made as to novelty. 

Protection may be obtained in the Portuguese Colonies for the unexpired term 
of the Portuguese patent upon filing a separate application within two years after 
the grant of the Portuguese patent. After expiration of the first two years of the 
life of the patent this protection cannot be obtained. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal succes- 
sor. A firm or corporation may apply. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been pub- 
licly used in Portugal or her Colonies. Inventions are not considered new if 
they have been previously published within the last 100 years in Portugal or 
abroad sufficiently to be worked. Under the provisions of the International Con- 
vention application may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the 
earliest application filed in a Convention country. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to laws, public safety or morals. Chemi- 
cal products and pharmaceutical preparations and remedies intended for human 
use or for animals, although the processes themselves may be patented. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are granted, subject to the payment of taxes 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of issue. Grace of thirty days is 
allowed upon payment of an additional 25%, and sixty days upon payment of an 
additional 50%. 

Working. — Working should be effected in Portugal to an adequate extent 
within two years from the date of issue of the patent, and must not cease for 
any two consecutive years thereafter, but patents taken out under the Inter- 
national Convention will not lapse for failure to work within three years from 
the date of issue. No extension of time for working can be obtained. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — In order that the patent may continue in force in favor of 
the assignee, the assignment should be registered at the Department of Industry. 
Assignments can only be legally effected by a Notarial deed drawn up in Portu- 
gal. To effect transfer of a patent the following papers are required: i. Power 
of attorney from the assignor, authorizing an attorney in Portugal to sell the 
patent, executed and acknowledged before a Notary Public and legalized by a 
Portuguese Consul. 2. Power of attorney from the assignee, authorizing an at- 
torney in Portugal to accept the sale of patent, executed and acknowledged 
before a Notary Public and legalized by a Portuguese Consul. 3. The original 
Letters Patent for endorsement of transfer thereon. 

Documents Required. 
I. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

27 



2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings.— In duplicate; on tracing linen; 33 centimetres (13 inches) in 
height_ by 21 or 42 centimeters {8% or i6>^ inches) in width; with a single mar- 
ginal lines drawn all around the sheet 2 centimetres (13/16) of an inch) from edge. 

4. Convention Application. — In the case of an application, filed under the 
International Convention, the date and number of the application relied upon. 
If it is desired that the Portuguese patent be antedated, a certified copy of the 
application with drawings should be furnished. No legalization necessary, 

PORTUGUESE COLONIES. 

These comprise Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea, St. Thomas and Prince's 
Islands, East Coast (including territories of the Government, Nyassa Company, 
Mozambique Company and Zambesi Company) in Africa; also Magao, Portu- 
guese India and Timor, in Asia. Provision is made for the extension of the 
Portuguese patent to these Colonies. Application may be filed in the name of 
the owner of the Portuguese patent within two years from the date of the 
Portuguese patent. Taxes are payable annually, and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by Portuguese Consul; original 
Portuguese patent for endorsement of Colonial protection thereon. 

RUMANIA. 
Law. — The law is that of January 26, 1906, which took effect April 26, 1906. 
For translation see 4 P. & T. j\I. Rev., 1504. Rumania is not a member of the 

International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date 
of application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original patent, 
the term, however, to be at least ten j^ears; patents of importation for the 
unexpired term of the first foreign patent, but not to exceed fifteen years. No 
examination is made as to the novelty of the invention. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or his legal successor. 
A firm or corporation may apply. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been used, 
worked or exploited in Rumania, for commercial purposes, by anyone besides 
the owner of the invention, and before the complete specification and the exact 
drawing of the invention have appeared in a printed or published work, or 
collection, and before the invention has been patented in Rumania or any foreign 
country. For inventions patented abroad a patent of importation may be ap- 
plied for by the owner of the first foreign patent, within six months from the 
date of grant of the first foreign patent, provided the invention has not been 
used or worked in Rumania by anyone besides the owner of the first foreign 
patent. 

Unpatentable, — Inventions contrary to laws or morals; injurious to health 
or designed to deceive the public; scientific theories and principles; inventions, 
the subject matter of which is reserved for the State; inventions relating to 
articles of nourishment for men and to fodder for beasts; inventions of pharma- 
ceutical compounds or medicines or disinfectants; banking and financial systems; 
methods of teaching auditing and bookkeeping. 

Taxes. — Patents of inventions are granted subject to the payment of taxes 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of application. Thirty days' grace is 
allowed without payment of a fine. There are no annual taxes payable upon 
patents of addition. For patents of importation all Government fees for filing 
the application and for payment of taxes are double those payable for patents 
of invention. 

Working. — Patented inventions must be worked in Rumania within four years 
from the date of application, and working must not be discontinued for any 
two consecutive years thereafter. The term within which working must be ef- 
fected, cannot be extended. 

Compulsory Licenses. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — It is not compulsory that patented articles be marked, but the 
owner of the patent has the right to mark the patented article "Brevet d'lnven- 
tion Roj^al Roumain No.... sans garantie du (jouvernement" (Royal Rumanian 
Patent for an Invention No without guarantee of the Government). 

28 



Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties, assignments 
should be entered in the patent register. To effect such entry the following 
papers are required: i. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a 
Notary Public and legalized by a Rumanian Consul; a power to register, signed 
by the assignee, acknowledged before a Notary Public and legalized by " a 
Rumanian Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power o£ Attorney. — Legalized by Rumanian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on trac- 
ing linen, of any convenient size, but not to exceed 54 centimetres in either 
dimension. 

4. Certified Copy. — In the case of an application for patent of importation, 
a certified copy of the first foreign patent, legalized by a Rumanian Consul. 

5. — Specimens. — A model or specimen of the invention on a reduced scale, 
made of wood or metal. 

RUSSIA. 

Law. — The law is that of May 20th-June ist, 1896, which took effect July 
ist-i3th, 1896. Russia is not a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date of 
issue of the patent; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original 
patent. Patents of addition may be obtained by third persons only after ex- 
piration of the first year of the term of the original patent. Applications are 
subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or his legal successor. 
A firm or corporation may apply, but an assignment from the inventor must be 
filed. 

Novelty. — Valid patents may be obtained in Russia after the issue of patents 
for the same invention in other countries, and at any time thereafter, provided 
that the invention is new as to Russia, and has not been published or described 
in literature (presumably printed books and newspapers) at the time the ap- 
plication for patent is filed in Russia. 

Unpatentable. — Mere principles; chemical, food and drink substances, al- 
though the processes or apparatus for producing the same may be patented; 
medicines; inventions which are known abroad without being patented there, 
or which have been described in literature before the Russian patent was ap- 
plied for; munitions of war; inventions the use of which would be contrary to 
laws or public morals. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are granted subject to the payment of taxes 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of issue of the patent. Grace of one, 
two or three months is allowed upon payment of a fine. No taxes are payable 
upon patents of addition. 

Working. — The patented invention must be worked in Russia, and official 
certificate proving completion of working filed before the expiration of five 
years from the date of issue of the patent. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that goods be marked 
"patented." 

Assignment. — To effect assignment of a patent the following documents are 
required : i. Assignment, which may be drawn up in the language of the 
country where the transfer is made, executed and acknowledged before a 
Notary Public, and legalized by a Russian Consul. 2. A power to register, signed 
by the assignee, acknowledged before a Notary Public, and legalized by a Rus- 
sian Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Acknowledged before a Notary Public, and legalized 
by a Russian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on tracing 
linen; eight inches in width by thirteen inches in height, or thirteen inches in 

29 



height by sixteen inches in width; or thirteen inches in height by twenty-four 
inches in width. One inch from the edge a single marginal line should be drawn. 
The usual designation of the figures, i. e., "Fig.," should be omitted, as this must 
be inserted in Russian characters. A third copy of the drawing, showing all fig- 
ures marked, and which may be printed on paper, should be furnished for the 
agent's use. 

4. Certified Copy.— If the invention has been patented abroad, a certified 
copy of the first foreign patent should be furnished, legalized by a Russian 
Consul. 

SERVIA. 

While Servia is a member of the International Union, it has up to the 
present no patent law. 

SPAIN. 

Law. — The law is that of May i6th, 1902, which took effect June 7, 1902. 
For translation see i P. & T. M. Rev. 255. A Spanish patent covers the Penin- 
sula of Spain (including the Canary and Balearic Islands), and all Spanish 
Colonial possessions. Spain is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for original inventions for a 
term of twenty years from the date of issue; patents of introduction, granted 
for any invention not already exploited in Spain, whether it be an original in- 
vention or not, for a term of five years. Applications are not subject to exami- 
nation as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal suc- 
cessor. A firm or corporation may apply. 

Novelty. — Applications for twenty-year patents, for original inventions, 
should be made before the invention has been known or put into practice in 
Spain or in a foreign country. If the invention has been subjected to trials or 
exhibited in any public exhibition before the filing of the application for patent, 
this does not invalidate the novelty of the invention, provided the trials and ex- 
hibition have been made by the actual inventor or under his authority, and that 
the invention has not been carried into public use and practice in Spain or 
abroad. Under the International Convention application may be filed within 
twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed in a Convention 
country. 

Unpatentable. — Products obtained directly from the ground or from cattle; 
principles or scientific discoveries, w^hen of a speculative nature and not ap- 
plicable to machinery, apparatus, instruments, processes or mechanical or chemi- 
cal operations of a practical industrial character; pharmaceutical preparations and 
medicines of all kinds, but the process and apparatus for obtaining a medicine 
or preparation maj'- be patented; systems or combinations of credit or finance. 

Taxes. — Payable annually from the date of issue of the patent. Grace of 
one, two or three months is allowed upon payment of a fine. 

Working. — If the patentee is a subject or citizen of a country which is a 
member of the International Convention, working should be effected within three 
years from the date of issue of the patent and must not be discontinued for any 
twelve consecutive months thereafter; otherwise, the invention should be worked 
within two years from the date of issue, and working should not be discontinued 
for any twelve consecutive months thereafter. The working of an invention is 
considered to have been effected by the manufacture, elaboration or execution 
of the patented object, in such reasonable quantities or proportion as its em- 
ployment or consumption may demand. Should there be no market for the 
article, then by "working" is understood the existence, at the disposal of the 
public, of the machines or materials necessary for the manufacture or elabora- 
tion of the object of the patent. The owner of a patent is required to take 
the steps necessary to obtain entry in the Register of Industrial Property, within 
a term of three years, counting from the date of issue of the patent of proof that 
the invention has been worked within Spanish territory, in the shape of a certifi- 
cate from an accredited engineer to that effect. An extension of time for work- 
ing cannot be obtained. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that the patented article be 
marked to indicate that it is patented. 

30 



Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties, assignments must 
be made by way of a public notarial act, and be recorded in the Register of In- 
dustrial Property. To accomplish this the following documents must be fur- 
nished: I. Power of attorney from the assignor, authorizing a Spanish Notary 
to draw up a notarial deed of assignment, executed and acknowledged before a 
Notary Public, and legalized by a Spanish Consul. 2. A similar power of at- 
torney from the assignee, executed and legalized in the same manner. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power o£ Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification.— Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate On tracing linen, size 32 centimetres (say thir- 
teen inches) in height by 22, 44, 66 or 88 centimetres (say eight and three- 
quarters, seventeen and a half, twenty-six and a quarter or thirty-five inches) in 
width. 



SWEDEN. 

Law. — The law is that of May 16, 1884, as amended by the laws of May 26, 
1897, and May 9, 1902. Sweden is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for fifteen years from the date of 
application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the original patent. 
Applications are subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal repre- 
sentative. A firm or corporation may apply with an assignment from the in- 
ventor. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been de- 
scribed in any printed publication which is accessible to the public, or so openly 
put into practice as to enable any expert, through the information obtained 
thereby, to carry out the said invention. If the invention has been exhibited, 
the fact of the said invention thereby, or afterwards, becoming known through 
any printed publication, or through the said invention being put into practice, 
shall not bar the granting of a patent, provided the application is filed within 
six months from the exhibition of the invention. An invention patented abroad 
may be patented in Sweden, provided the application is filed within three 
months from the date of issue of the first foreign patent. Under the pro- 
visions of the International Convention application may be filed within twelve 
months from the filing of the earliest application filed in a Convention country. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to laws or morals; inventions relating to 
provisions or medicines, although the special processes for their manufacture 
may be patented. 

Taxes. — Patents or invention are granted subject to the payment of taxes, 
yearly in advance, counting from the date of the application. Ninety days' 
grace is allowed, subject to a fine amounting to one-fifth of the tax due. There 
are no taxes payable on patents of addition. 

Working. — (See "Compulsory License.") 

Compulsory License. — If a patent is not worked in due time, interested 
parties may, at any time after the expiration of three years from the date of 
the grant of the patent, apply to the courts, which may grant compulsory 
licenses upon such terms and conditions as to royalties, etc., as may seem just 
and reasonable. This practically relieves the patentee from working his patent. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that articles be marked to 
indicate that they are patented. 

Assignment.— To record an assignment the following documents are re- 
quired: 1. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a Notary Public, 
and legalized by a Swedish Consul. 2. Power of attorney to register, executed by 
Assignee. No legalization necessary. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; one copy on bristol board, the other on trac- 
mg linen; 33 centimetres (13 inches) in height, by 21, 42 or 63 centimetres (S%, 

31 



i6j/2 or 24^ inches) in width, A single marginal line must be drawn all around 
the sheet 2 centimetres (13/16 of an inch) from the edge. 

4. Assignment. — If the applicant is not the inventor, an assignment from 
the inventor must be furnished. This must be acknowledged before a Notary 
Public and legalized by a Swedish Consul. 

5. Certified Copy. — If application is filed under the International Conven- 
tion, a certified copy of the application, as filed, or of the patent as issued, on 
which Convention rights are claimed, must be filed. 

SWITZERLAND. 

Law. — The law is that of June 21st, 1907, which took effect December i, 1907. 
(For translation see 5 P. & T. M. Rev. 2073.) Switzerland is a member of the 
International Union. 

Patents. — Principal patents are granted for fifteen years from the date of 
application; patents of addition for the unexpired term of the principal patent. 
Patents relating to chemical processes for the preparation of medicines are lim- 
ited to ten years. Applications are submitted to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor, his legal successor or 
one who has a claim to the grant of the patent on other legal grounds. A 
firm or corporation may apply, with an assignment from the inventor. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been made 
public in Switzerland, or, before the invention has been disclosed, in print or 
illustrations which have reached Switzerland, in such a manner as to enable one 
skilled in the art to execute the invention. Under the provisions of the Inter- 
national Convention, applications may be filed within twelve months from the 
date of filing of the earliest application filed in a Convention country. 

Unpatentable.^Inventions contrary to laws or morals; chemical substances 
intended principally for nourishment of man or beast and the processes of pro- 
ducing them; inventions for obtaining products for the improvement of raw or 
manufactured textile fabrics of all kinds by the application of processes not purely 
mechanical, as well as such processes so far as these inventions relate to the 
textile industry. 

Taxes. — Principal patents are granted subject to the payment of taxes yearly 
in advance, counting from the date of application. Three months' grace is 
allowed without payment of a fine. If the patent is allowed more than one 
year after the date of application, the tax may be paid within three months 
from the date of allowance. No annual taxes are payable on patents of addition. 

Working. — If a patented invention is not worked in Switzerland to an ade- 
quate extent within three years of the grant of the patent, any person proving 
an interest may bring an action for the annulment of the patent. Citizens of 
the United States are not required to work their patented inventions in Switzer- 
land, provided the invention is being worked in the United States. 

Compulsory License. — The owner of a patent for an invention which cannot 
be industrially applied without the use of the invention of an older patent and 
over which it is a distinct technical advance, may, after the third year of the 
existence of the older patent, demand a license that will make possible the use 
of the later invention. If the invention of the second patent serves the same 
economic necessity as the first, the owner of the first may demand that he in 
turn be granted a license for the use of the later invention. Appropriate com- 
pensation is to be made for the licenses, which will be determined by the Court 
in case of disagreement. 

Marking. — The patented article should be marked with the Swiss Federal 
Cross (see patent deed) and the number of the patent. 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties, assignments 
should be entered in the Patent Register. To effect such entry the following 
documents are required: i. Assignment, executed and acknowledged before a 
Notary Public. No Consular legalization necessary. 2. A power to register, 
signed by the assignee. No legalization necessary. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — No legalization necessary. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

32 



3. Drawings. In duplicate; one on bristol board and one on tracing linen; 

13 by S% inches or 13 by i6>^ inches, including a margin of % of an inch all 
around. A space at the top of i^ inches to be left blank 

4. Samples. If application relates to a new chemical substance, samples 

of the product should be furnished. 

5. Assignment. — If applicant is not the inventor, an assignment executed 
by the inventor, and acknowledged before a Notary Public, is required. No Consu- 
lar legalization necessary. 

TURKEY. 

Law.— The law is that of 20th of Rabia I, A. H. 1297 (2d March, i88o). 
Turkey is not a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention, granted for five, ten or fifteen years, as appli- 
cant may elect, counting from the date of application; patents of addition, 
granted for the unexpired term of the original patent, and patents of importa- 
tion, granted for inventions which have been patented elsewhere,^ for the un- 
expired term of the foreign patent upon which the application in Turkey is 
based. No examination is made as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Practically anyone, a person, firm or corporation. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has received 
anywhere sufficient publicity to enable the same to be worked. Patents of im- 
portation may be obtained upon inventions which have been patented elsewhere, 
and where the application is based upon a prior foreign patent, no question is 
raised as to the novelty of the invention. 

Unpatentable. — Pharmaceutical compounds and medicines; devices or combi- 
nations relating to banking XDr finance; inventions contrary to public order or 
safety, to morals, or to the laws of the Empire; theoretical principles, methods, 
systems, discoveries and conceptions which are not capable of industrial appli- 
cation; inventions relating to munitions of war, unless after examination, it is 
found that the Government may derive advantage from the invention. 

Taxes. — Patents of invention are subject to the payment of taxes, yearly 
in advance, counting from the date of application. Payment will be accepted 
after the due date and up to the 13th day of March next succeeding, but this 
privilege may be withdrawn at any time and should not be relied upon. No 
further grace is allowed. There are no annual taxes payable on patents of 
addition. 

Working. — Patented inventions must be worked within two years from the 
date of the patent, and the working must not entirely cease for any two con- 
secutive years. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that patented articles be 
marked to indicate that they are patented. If the patented article is so marked, 
the words "Sans garantie du Gouvernement," should be included. The omission 
of these words is punishable by a fine. 

Assignment. — No assignment can be recorded until the annual taxes for the 
full term of the patent have been paid. In view of the considerable cost oc- 
casioned by this requirement, it is usual to prepare a power of attorney author- 
izing a Notary (a blank is usually left for his name) to effect the assignment. 
This document is signed by the assignor before a Notary Public, and two wit- 
nesses, legalized by a Turkish Consul, and retained by the assignee until he is 
ready to meet the requirement as to payment of taxes^ when a full assignment 
can be recorded. 

Importation. — The importation of patented articles is strictly prohibited 
under penalty of the forfeiture of the patent, with the exception that the Min- 
ister of Commerce and Agriculture may authorize the introduction into the 
Empire of models of machines and articles manufactured abroad, intended for 
public exhibitions, or for experiments made with the consent of the Government. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Legalized by Turkish Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate; on tracing cloth of any convenient size, leaving 
ample margin. No signature necessary. 

33 



NORTH AMERICA. 

CANADA. 

Law. — The law is "The Patent Act of Canada," Revised Statutes of Canada, 
Chapter 69 (Revised in 1906). Canada is not a member of the International 
Union. 

Patents — Patents of invention are granted for a term of eighteen years 
counting from the date of issue of the patent. Applications are subject to ex- 
amination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application must be made in the name of the inventor. Patent 
will be granted in the name of the assignee, who may be a firm or corporation, 
provided an assignment from the inventor is recorded before issue of the patent. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has been known 
or used by any person other than the inventor, and before it has been in public 
use or on sale anywhere with the consent or allowance of the inventor for more 
than one year prior to the application for patent in Canada. Inventions patented 
elsewhere may be patented in Canada provided application is made within one 
year from the date of issue of the earliest foreign patent, and provided the inven- 
tion has not been in public use or on sale with the consent or allowance of the 
inventor anywhere for more than one year prior to the application for patent 
in Canada. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions which have an illicit object in view, and mere 
scientific principles or abstract theorems. 

Taxes. — Fees for the full term of eighteen years may be paid upon filing 
the application, or the applicant may and usually does, pay the partial fee for 
six years, or he may pay for twelve years, at his option. If the fees are paid 
at the time of application for six years only, a partial fee is payable before the 
expiration of the sixth year of the life of the patent, and a further partial fee 
before the expiration of the twelfth year. No prolongation of time for making 
these payments can be obtained. 

Working. — A patent will become void at the end of two years from its date, 
unless the patentee or his legal representatives, within that period or an author- 
ized extension thereof, commence, and after such commencement, continuously 
carry on in Canada, the construction or manufacture of the patented invention, 
in such a manner that any person desiring to use it may obtain it, or cause it 
to be made for him at a reasonable price. This period of two years may be ex- 
tended by the Commissioner, upon application by the patentee, not less than three 
months before the expiration of the term and upon proof that the failure to 
commence working is due to reasons beyond the control of the patentee. Ex- 
tensions are, in fact, rarely granted and then only for a brief period and upon 
a showing of some exceptional reason. 

Compulsory License. — Before issue of the patent or within six months after 
issue, application may be made to the Commissioner for an order relieving the 
patentee from working the invention and making the patent subject to the 
granting of compulsory licenses. After the patent has been made subject to 
these conditions, any person may, at any time, apply for a license to make, use 
and sell the invention, and the Commissioner may order the granting of such 
license, if he is satisfied that the reasonable requirements of the public have not 
been satisfied. Failure to grant such license will result in the forfeiture of the 
patent. Such an order is not usually granted for an invention of a simple 
character. 

Importation. — The patent will become void, if the patented invention is im- 
ported into Canada after the expiration of twelve months from the date of the 
patent. The Comptroller has power to extend the term for importation upon ap- 
plication, but extensions are rarely granted. 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties assignments 
should be registered in the Patent Office. The documents required are an as- 
signment in duplicate, signed by the assignor and two witnesses. No legaliza- 
tion necessary. No special form of document is prescribed. 

Marking. — The patented article must be marked "Patented," followed by 
the year in which the patent was granted. 

34 



Documents Required. 

1. Petition and Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant and one witness. 

2. Specification and Claims. — Two copies signed by applicant and two wit- 
nesses, and an additional or third copy of the claims. 

3. Drawings. — Two sets on tracing linen and one set on bristol board; size 
8 by 13 inches. Applicant need not sign. 

4. Oath. — Sworn to and signed by inventor. In Canada, before a Justice of 
the Peace. Elseivhere, before a British Consul, a judge of a court of record, 
a notary public, or the chief magistrate of any city, borough or town corporate. 
The oath must be attested by the official seal of the officer administering same. 
All prior patents must be acknowledged in the oath, giving country, number and 
date of issue (nolt date of application). 

MEXICO. 

Law. — The law is that of August 25, 1903. (For translation see '2 P. & T, 
M. Rev. 608.) Mexico is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a term of twenty years from 
the date of filing of the application. K patent may sometimes be extended for 
a further term of five years upon payment of the prescribed fees, provided an 
application for such extension is made within the first six months of the last 
year of the term of the patent. Such application must be accompanied by proof 
that the patent has been continuously worked in Mexico, at least during the two 
years immediately preceding the date of application for extension. Applications 
are not subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee.— Application must be filed in the name of the inventor. Patent 
will be granted in the name of the assignee, who may be a firm or corporation, 
provided an assignment from the inventor is recorded before issue of the pat- 
ent, or provided a request is inserted in the power of attorney at the time the 
application is filed, that the patent issue to the assignee. The latter course is 
usually followed. 

Novelty. — The application must be filed before the invention has been put 
into practice for a commercial or industrial purpose in Mexico or elsewhere, or 
has received by means of a printed publication, sufficient publicity to enable 
it to be put into practice. Applications for patents for inventions patented else- 
where, must be filed within twelve months from the date of filing of the first 
foreign application, or, within three months from the date of issue of the first 
foreign patent; whichever may be the shorter of these terms. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions which consist simply in making known or ren- 
dering evident, something already existing in nature, although unknown before 
its discovery; scientific principles or discoveries of purely speculative character; 
inventions contrary to law, public safety, health, good customs or morals; chemi- 
cal products, although the processes of obtaining same may be patented. 

Taxes. — There are no taxes payable after issue of the patent. 

Working. — Not obligatory. (See Compulsory License.) 

Compulsory License. — If working is not effected in Mexico within three 
years from the date of the patent, or, if after three years, working is discon- 
tinued for more than three consecutive months, the Patent Office may, upon ap- 
plication therefor, grant to third parties a license to manufacture under the 
patent. 

Assignment. — To be effective against third parties, assignments should be 
recorded in the Patent Office. The documents required are: Assignment, in 
duplicate, executed by the assignor and two witnesses. No legalization neces- 
sary. If the patent was not taken out through my office, a power of attorney 
lO register the assignment, executed by the Assignee and two witnesses, should 
be furnished. 

Marking. — Patented articles must be marked to indicate that they are pat- 
ented. It is suggested that they be marked "Patentado," followed by the number 
and the date in Spanish. 

Documents Required. 

I. Power of Attorney. — Signed by the inventor and two witnesses. No 
legalization necessary. 

35 



2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In triplicate. One copy on bristol board, and two copies on 
tracing linen, 15 inches in height and 10 inches in width, with a marginal line 
of one inch from edge, all around. 



NEWFOUNPLAND. 

Law. — The law is "The Consolidated Statutes of Newfoundland" (Title XII 
Chapter 109), as amended by "Act of April 22d, 1902." Newfoundland is not a 
member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a term of fourteen years 
counting from the date of issue of the patent. The Governor in Council may 
insert in the Letters Patent a provision extending the operation thereof for a 
further term of seven years. If the invention has been patented elsewhere, the 
patent will expire with the first foreign patent to expire. Applications are not 
subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor only, except that a 
patent may be issued to the assignee of any person who has obtained a patent 
for his invention in any other country (but not for any invention made abroad 
for which no patent has been there obtained), provided that the said invention 
has not been introduced into public and common use in Newfoundland prior to 
the application for a patent, and that the said assignee shall file, with the ap- 
plication, the assignment duly proved under which he claims a patent in New- 
foundland, and an affidavit setting forth the date of the patent abroad, that the 
invention has not been in public and common use in Newfoundland, and that 
he is the assignee for a good consideration. 

Novelty. — The application must be made before the invention has been 
known or used in the Colony of Newfoundland or in any other country, unless 
it has been patented elsewhere, in which case application must be made before 
the invention is introduced into public or common use in the Colony of New- 
foundland. 

Unpatentable. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Taxes. — No taxes are payable after the issue of the patent. 

Working. — The patent will become void at the expiration of two years from 
its date if it has not been brought into operation in Newfoundland. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that the patented article be 
marked to indicate that it is patented. 

Assignment. — In order to be effective against third parties, assignment should 
be recorded in the office of the Colonial Secretary. To accomplish this an as- 
signment executed by the assignor in the presence of two witnesses, should be 
furnished. No legalization necessary. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant. No legalization necessary. 

2. Petition. — Signed by applicant. No legalization necessary. 

3. Oath. — Sworn to and signed by applicant before a Commissioner of the 
Supreme Court of Newfoundland, a judge of a Court of Record, the Mayor or 
Chief Magistrate of any city or town, a Justice, or a British Ambassador, Con- 
sul, Vice-Consul or Consular Agent. 

4. Specification. — In duplicate, signed by applicant and two witnesses, and 
certified by applicant to be the specification referred to_ in the petition. 

5. Drawings. — In duplicate, on tracing cloth, certified by applicant to be 
the drawings referred to in the petition. 

6. Model. — While a model of the invention may be called for, it is not 
frequently demanded. 

7. Assignee of Foreign Patentee. — If applicant is the assignee of a foreign 
pantentee, the oath should include the date of the foreign patent, and a state- 
ment that the invention has not been in public and common use in Newfound- 
land, and that the applicant is an assignee for a good consideration. The oath 
should be executed as indicated above. An assignment from the inventor must 
also be furnished. 

36 



WEST INDIES. 

BAHAMAS. 

Patents are granted for seven years, renewable for a second and a third 
period of seven years each, or twenty-one years in all. The inventor may apply, 
or his assignee, but not a firm or corporation. This Colony is not a member 
of the International Union, and application should be filed before the invention 
has been published or publicly used in the Colony. Renewal fees are payable 
for the second and third periods of seven years. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration, legalized by British Con- 
sul; specification in duplicate, signed; certified copy of applicant's home patent; 
drawings in duplicate, any suitable size and material. 

BARBADOS. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm 
or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the International Union, and 
application should be filed before the invention has been published or publicly 
used in the Colony. Taxes are payable before the end of the fourth and seventh 
year, or they may be paid before the end of the fourth year, and annually there- 
after. Working is not required. 

Docunients required: Power; declaration, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication in duplicate, signed; certified copy of applicant's home patent; drawings 
in duplicate, any suitable size and material. 

BERMUDA. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. The inventor may apply, or his as- 
signee, but not a firm or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the In- 
ternational Union, and application should be filed before the invention has been 
publicly used in the Colony. No taxes are payable and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application form legalized by British Consul; 
specification in duplicate, unsigned; drawings in duplicate, on tracing cloth any 
suitable size. 

CUBA. 

Law. — The law is contained in the Royal Ordinance of June 30, 1883, as 
amended by subsequent Decrees of the Spanish Government made while Cuba 
was a Spanish possession, by certain orders issued by the military government 
of the United States during the Military Occupation of the Island, and by cer- 
tain orders issued by the Government of the Republic of Cuba. (For Digest 
see 2 P. & T. M. Rev. 735-) Cuba is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Two kinds of patents are granted in Cuba. Independent Cuban 
patents, called "Nacional" patents, which are granted, subject to examination as 
to novelty, for a term of seventeen years counting from the date of filing of 
the application in Cuba, and patents for inventions earlier patented elsewhere, 
obtained by the deposit in Cuba of a certified copy of the foreign patent and 
the "Revalidation" of the foreign patent as to Cuba. An application for the 
latter is not subject to examination as to novelty, and protection is granted for 
the unexpired term of the foreign patent, but not to exceed seventeen years. 

Patentee. — Application for "Nacional" patent must be filed in the name of 
the inventor. The patent will be issued to the assignee, who may be a firm or 
corporation, provided an assignment from the inventor is recorded before issue 
of the patent, or, provided a request is made in the power of attorney at the 
time of filing the application, that the patent issue to the assignee. The latter 
course is usually adopted. Applications for deposit in Cuba of a certified copy 
of a foreign patent may be filed by the owner of the foreign patent, who may be 
the assignee of the inventor. 

Novelty. — To obtain a valid "Nacional" patent, the application should be 
filed before the invention is put into practice or use, either in Cuba or abroad, 

37 ' 



and before a description or illustration of the invention in printed books, plates, 
models, drawings, etc., is filed in the city councils, boards of commerce, economi- 
cal societies, the government archives, etc. It is believed that prior publication 
or use in Cuba or abroad, of any kind, will not invalidate the protection secured 
by the ''revalidation" of a foreign patent. Application, however, for "revalida- 
tion" should be made as early as possible to avoid the granting to another of a 
"Nacional" patent for the same invention, which grant would result in the re- 
jection of the application for "revalidation" of the foreign patent. 

Unpatentable. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Taxes. — No taxes are payable after the grant of the patent. 

Working. — A "Nacional" patent will become void if the invention is not put 
into practice in Cuba within a year and a day from the date of grant of the 
patent, or if the working is subsequently interrupted for more than a year and 
a day. However, under the provisions of the International Convention, owners 
of "Nacional" patents are allowed three years, counting from the date of filing 
of the application in Cuba, within which to effect working of the invention, 
provided that such owners are citizens or subjects of countries which are mem- 
bers of the International Convention. We are informed that no working is re- 
quired when the patent is a "revalidation" of a U. S. patent. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Assignment. — Must be in the Spanish language, or accompanied by a Span- 
ish translation, executed and acknowledged by the assignor before a Notary 
Public and legalized by a Cuban Consul, and must be presented for record 
within sixty days of its date. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that patented articles be 
marked to indicate that they are patented. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Executed by applicant, acknowledged before a No- 
tary Public, and legalized by a Cuban Consul. 

2. Specification. — One copy, unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate, on tracing linen of any convenient size. 

4. Certified Copy. — If application is for "revalidation" of a foreign patent, 
a certified copy of the patent, including specification and drawings, legalized by 
a Cuban Consul, must be furnished. 

DANISH WEST INDIES. 

These comprise the Islands of St. Croix, St. Thomas and St. John. 

Patents are granted for the unexpired term of the corresponding Danish 
patent, if any. An independent patent can also be obtained, for a term of five 
years. No taxes are payable, and working is not required. 

The requirements and forms are similar to those for Denmark, which see. 

GRENADA. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply alone, or jointly with an assignee. This 
Colony is not a member of the International Union, and application should be 
filed before the invention has been publicly used in the Colony. Taxes are pay- 
able before the end of the fourth year and annually thereafter until the end of 
the eighth year, and then before the end of the eleventh year. Working is not 
required. 

Documents required: Power; application; specification, in duplicate; draw- 
ings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, size 8 by 13 inches. 

HAYTI. 

No patent law exists in this country, and so far as we know, there is no 
way in which inventions may be effectually protected. 

JAMAICA. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but in case a prior foreign patent 
exists, the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first to expire. Patents 

38 



of addition are also granted for the unexpired term of the original patent. The 
inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation, 
provided an assignment be presented. This Colony is not a member of the 
International Union, and application should be filed before the invention has 
been publicly used in the Colony. Patents may be taken out during the life 
of a foreign patent for the same invention, provided there has been no prior use 
of the invention in the Colony. No taxes are payable and working is not re- 
quired. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration, legalized by British Con- 
sul; specification, in duplicate, signed; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, 
any suitable size. 

LEEWARD ISLANDS. 

These comprise the Islands of Antigua, Anguilla, Dominica, Montserrat, 
Nevis, St. Christopher and Virgin Islands. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but in case a prior foreign patent 
exists, the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first to expire. The 
inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation, 
provided an assignment be presented. This Colony is not a member of the In- 
ternational Union, and application should be filed before the invention has 
been publicly used in the Colony. Patents may be taken out during the life of 
a foreign patent for the same invention, provided there has been no prior use 
of the invention in the Colony. Taxes are payable before the end of the fourth 
year, and annually thereafter. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; declaration, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

PORTO RICO. 

Protection for inventions may be obtained in Porto Rico by filing with the 
Secretary of Porto Rico, a certified copy of the United States Patent, preferably 
accompanied by a form of authorization executed by the applicant, and thereby 
securing an extension to Porto Rico of the protection afforded by the United 
States patent. The protection in Porto Rico will continue during the life of the 
United States patent. 

ST. LUCIA. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. The inventor may apply alone, or 
jointly with an assignee. This Colony is not a member of the International 
Union, and application should be filed before the invention has been publicly 
used in the Colony. Taxes are payable before the end of the fourth year and 
annually thereafter until the end of the eight year, and then before the end 
of the eleventh year. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application; specification, in duplicate; draw- 
ings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, size 8 by 13 inches. 

ST. VINCENT. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply alone, or jointly with an assignee. This 
Colony is not a member of the International Union, and application should be 
filed before the invention has been publicly used in the Colony. Taxes are 
payable before the end of the fourth year and annually thereafter until the end 
of the eighth year, and then before the end of the eleventh year. Working is 
not required. 

Documents required: Power and application both legalized by British Con- 
sul; specification, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, size 8 by 
13 inches. 

SANTO DOMINGO. 

Patents are granted for five, ten or fifteen years; patents of addition for the 
unexpired term of the original patent. Patents granted for five or ten years 
may be extended to fifteen years. (For translation of law see 9 P. & T. M. R^y. 

39 



3582.) Inventions patented elsewhere may be patented in Santo Domingo for 
the unexpired term of the foreign patent upon which the application is based. 
The inventor maj^ applj^ or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or cor- 
poration. Application should be filed before the invention has received, in the 
Republic, or in a foreign countrj'. sufficient publicity to enable it to be executed. 
Santo Domingo is a member of the International Union, and application may be 
filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed in a 
Convention countr3-. No taxes are payable. Working is required within five 
years and must not be discontinued for any three consecutive j-ears thereafter. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Santo Domingo; 
specification; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. If ap- 
plication is based on a prior foreign patent, the number and date of the patent 
must be furnished. 

TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection may be ob- 
tained for nine months. The inventor maj' apply, or his assignee, but not a 
firm or corporation. This Colony is a member of the International Union. 
Application should be filed before the invention has been publicly used in the 
Colony, or, under the provisions of the International Convention, application 
may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application in 
a Convention country. Xo taxes are payable and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 



CENTRAL AMERICA. 

BRITISH HONDURAS. 

Patents are granted for fourteen 3-ears, but in case a prior foreign patent 
exists, the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first to expire. The in- 
ventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. 
This Colony is not a member of the International Union, and application should 
be filed before the invention has been published or publicly used in the Colony. 
Patents may be taken out during the life of a foreign patent for the same in- 
vention, provided there has been no prior use of the invention in the Colony. 
Taxes are payable before the end of the third and seventh years. Working is 
not required. 

Documents required: Power; declaration, legalized by British Consul; 
specification, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate on bristol board, size 8 by 13 
inches. 

COSTA RICA. 

Patents are granted for twenty years. Inventions patented in the applicant's 
home country may be patented in Costa Rica for the unexpired term of the 
home patent, not, however, to exceed twenty years, and provided there has been 
no prior use of the invention in Costa Rica. The inventor may apply, or his 
assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. Costa Rica is not a mem- 
ber of the International Union, and application should be filed before the in- 
vention has been publicly used in the country. 

No taxes are payable; working must be effected within tv/o years from 
registration of the patent and must not be discontinued for any three con- 
secutive years thereafter. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Costa Rican Consul; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate, any suitable size and material. 

GUATEMALA. 

Patents are granted for a term of five to fifteen years, to citizens of Guate- 
mala, foreigners who have resided in the Republic for a year, or to citizens of 

40 



countries having a treaty or convention with Guatemala upon the isubject of pat- 
ents. The United States Government has such treaty relations. Patents of 
addition expire with the original patent. The inventor may apply, or his as- 
signee, whether an individual, firm or corporation, but an assignment must be 
presented. Guatemala is not a member of the International Union, and applica- 
tion should be filed before the invention is known in the country, or abroad as 
a whole, or as part of a process already used. Foreigners, however, must prove 
that the invention has been patented in a country with which Guatemala has 
treaty relations upon the subject of patents. Taxes are payable annually; work- 
ing must be effected within one year and must not be discontinued for any 
twelve consecutive months thereafter. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Guatemalan Consul; specifica- 
tion; declaration, signed and sworn to by applicant before a Notary Public, and 
legalized by a Guatemalan Consul; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, size 
10 by 15 inches. Certified copy of patent granted in a country having treaty 
with Guatemala, legalized by Guatemalan Consul. 

HONDURAS. 

Patents are granted for a term not exceeding twenty years. (See i P. & T. 
M. Rev. 233.) The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, 
firm or corporation. Honduras is not a member of the International Union. 
Foreign inventors who have patents in ether countries, may register them in 
Honduras under the same conditions as natives. Application may be filed at any 
time during the life of a foreign patent provided the invention has not been 
publicly used in Honduras. Taxes are payable annually; working is not re- 
quired. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul for Honduras; specifi- 
cation; drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size; certified copy 
of patent upon which application is based, legalized by a Consul of Honduras. 

NICARAGUA. 

Patents are granted for a term of five to ten years; patents of addition for 
the unexpired term of the original patent. Nicaragua is not a member of the 
International Union. (See i P. & T. M. Rev. 227). The inventor may apply, 
or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation, provided assignment 
be presented. Application should be filed before the invention has been publicly 
used in Nicaragua. Inventions patented elsewhere may be patented in Nicara- 
gua. Taxes are payable annually. Working must be effected within one year, 
and must not be discontinued for any twelve consecutive months thereafter. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by Consul of Nicaragua; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any size, 

SALVADOR. 

Patents are granted for twenty years, subject to extension by five-year 
periods, but in case a prior foreign patent exists, the term is limited to that of 
the foreign patent first to expire. (See i P. & T. M, Rev. 261 and 8 P. & T. M. 
Rev. 3151-) The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, 
firm or corporation. This country is not a member of the International Union, 
and application should be filed before the invention has been sufficiently pub- 
lished anywhere to enable it to be worked. Inventions patented elsewhere may 
be patented in Salvador at any time during the life of the foreign patent. Taxes 
are payable annually, before the month of December, and working is not re- 
quired. 

Docurnents required : Power, legalized by a Consul of Salvador; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 



41 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

Law. — The law is that of October ii, 1864, as amended by Decrees of August 
20, 1900, November 4, 1903, and March 6, 1906. The Argentine Republic is not a 
member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for terms of five, ten or fifteen 
years. A fifteen-year patent is granted at the option of the Commissioner of 
Patents, and only for inventions which are, in his opinion, of sufficient impor- 
tance. When a patent has been previously obtained in another country, the term 
of the Argentine patent is limited to the term of the foreign patent, but not to 
exceed ten years. Patents of addition will not be granted for a longer term than 
the term of the original patent, when the latter does not exceed ten years, except 
when half that time has expired, or when the improvement lessens by half, at 
least, the cost of production, time,, risk or danger, or for other similar reasons, 
in which case the Commissioner of Patents fixes the term for which the patent 
may be granted. A patent cannot be extended after its issue. Applications are 
not subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the actual inventor or his legal suc- 
cessor. A firm or corporation may apply, provided the power of attorney is 
signed by the inventor and the assignee, or provided an assignment from the 
inventor is filed with the application. 

Novelty. — Application should be made before the invention has received suf- 
ficient publicity in books, pamphlets or periodicals, either in the Argentine Re- 
public or abroad, to enable it to be put into practice. The holder of a foreign 
patent may obtain a valid Argentine patent at any time during the existence of 
his foreign patent, provided that, at the date of the patent, the invention is not 
being worked in the Republic. 

Unpatentable. — Pharmaceutical compositions, financial schemes, inventions 
of a mere theoretical nature, having no evidence of their practical use in industry, 
inventions contrary to morals or to the laws of the Republic. 

Taxes. — Taxes for the full term may be paid when filing the application, or 
one-half the fees may be paid, and the second half in annual payments. The 
latter is the usual practice. If taxes are not paid for the full term before the 
patent issues, they must then be paid annually counting from the date of grant 
of the patent. No grace is allowed. 

Working.— The law requires that the invention shall be worked within the 
Argentine Republic within two years after the date of the issue of the patent, 
and working must not be interrupted thereafter for two years at a time, except 
by circumstances beyond the inventor's control, or by accident, duly certified by 
the Patent Ofiice. When it is impossible to perform a working within a pre- 
scribed time, an extension of time can usually be secured upon presenting a 
proper petition therefor to the Commissioner of Patents, who has discretionary 
power in such matters. The actual manufacture of the patented invention in the 
Argentine Republic is not deemed necessary. It is believed to be sufficient to 
import a number of the patented articles into the Republic, and there expose or 
offer them for sale, or make use of them there. In case of a patented process, 
the process must be put into practice in a manufactory or establishment within 
the Republic. Workings must be proven to the satisfaction of the Commissioner 
of Patents, and should be duly entered of record in the Patent Office. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that the patented article be 
marked to indicate that it is patented. 

Assignment. — To effect the assignment of a patent, the following documents 
are necessary: i. The Letters Patent. 2. An assignment in the Spanish lan- 
guage, signed by the assignor before a Notary Public, and legalized by an 
Argentine Consul. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney.- — Signed by applicant before a Notary Public, and 
legalized by an Argentine Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate, one set on bristol board and the other on tracing 

42 



linen, 33 centimetres in height and 22 centimetres in width. A single marginal 
line must be drawn all around the sheet i^ centimetres from the edge. 

4. Foreign Patent. — If a prior foreign patent exists, the number and date of 
the patent must be furnished. A copy of the patent is not required. 

BOLIVIA. 

Patents are granted for a term of ten to fifteen years. The inventor may 
apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. This country 
is not a member of the International Union, and application should be filed 
before the invention has been published anywhere. Patents of importation may 
be obtained for inventions patented elsewhere, at any time during the life of the 
foreign patent, provided the invention has not ben used in Bolivia. No taxes are 
payable, and working must be effected within one year from the date of the 
patent. A deposit must be made with the Government before issue as a guar- 
antee that the patent will be worked. This deposit will be forfeited if the patent 
is not worked in season. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul for Bolivia; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

BRAZIL. 

Law. — The law is that of October 14, 1882. Brazil is a member of the Inter- 
national Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a term of fifteen years count- 
ing from the date of issue. The owner of a foreign patent may obtain "confirma- 
tion" of such patent in Brazil for the term of the foreign patent, not, however, 
to exceed fifteen years. (See Novelty.) Certificates of improvements (patents 
of addition) are granted for the life of the original patent, and expire therewith. 
No examination is made as to novelty unless the invention relates to alimentary, 
chemical or pharmaceutical products, or explosives, in which case samples must 
be deposited for Government analysis. The specification and claims of the appli- 
cation are required to be published in extenso in the "Diario Official" at the 
expense of the applicant. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by his legal suc- 
cessor. An assignee of the inventor, who may be a firm or corporation, may 
apply, provided the power of attorney is executed by the inventor and the 
assignee. 

Novelty. — Under the International Convention, application may be filed with- 
in twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed in a Convention 
country. If an inventor, having obtained a foreign patent, makes application in 
Brazil within seven months of the date of the grant of the foreign patent, his 
right of priority will not be invalidated by reason of events which may occur in 
the interval, such as the application by another party for the same invention, or 
the publication, working or utilization of the same in Brazil. Inventors may 
also publicly exhibit their inventions in Brazil prior to their applications for 
patents, on obtaining the necessary permission for the purpose. Except as above 
stated, to obtain a valid patent the application must be made before any publi- 
cation or public use of the invention in any country. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to law or morality, or of a dangerous or 
noxious character, or which do not afford a practical industrial result. 

Taxes. — Payable annually from the date of issue. At present, grace of one 
year is allowed, without fine, but this privilege may be withdrawn at any time. 

Working. — The law requires the patentee to work the patent Mnthin three 
years from the date of its issue. The working must not be suspended at any 
time for a period exceeding one year. A legal working is effected only by an 
actual prosecution of the trade to which a patent relates, and the supplying of 
the article manufactured thereunder in such proportions or quantities as are 
reasonable, taking into consideration its use and consumption. The working 
should be proven before the end of the third year. To effect and prove a work- 
ing we require the following documents : i. A special power of attorney, the 
form_ of which we will supply upon request. This power must be legalized by a 
Brazilian Consul. 2. A statement showing whether the invention is being worked 
in Brazil, and, if so, in what place or places, and any information and data with 
respect to the invention that may be useful. 

43 



Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking.— -The law does not specifically require that patented articles be 
marked to indicate that they are patented. 

Assignment. — In order to record an assignment, the following documents 
must be furnished: i. Assignment, executed by Assignor and Assignee, acknowl- 
edged before a Notary Public, and legalized by a Brazilian Consul. 2. Power of 
attorney to register assignment executed by Assignee, acknowledged before a 
Notary Public and legalized by a Brazilian Consul. 3. The Brazilian patent for 
endorsement of the transfer thereon. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant, acknowledged before a Notary 
Public, and legalized by a Brazilian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate on tracing cloth, 33 centimetres in height by 21, 
42 or 63 centimetres in width, with a single marginal line all around, 2 centi- 
metres from the edge. 

4. Certified Copy. — If application is for "confirmation" of a foreign patent, 
a certified copy of the foreign patent upon which application is based, legalized 
by a Brazilian Consul, must be furnished. For applications under the Conven- 
tion, the number and date of the foreign application or patent on which Con- 
vention rights are claimed must be furnished. No certified copy of the patent is 
required for Convention applications. 

BRITISH GUIANA. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or 
corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This Colony is not a member 
of the International Union, and application should be filed before the invention 
has been published or publicly used in the Colony. A tax is payable before the 
end of the seventh year; working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate, signed by applicant; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, 
any suitable size. 

CHILI. 

Law. — The law is that of September 9, 1840, as amended August i, 1851, July 
25, 1872, January 20, 1883, January 26, 1888, December 6, 1905, and Regulations of 
January i, 1906 (see 4 P. & T. M. Rev. 1618), and August 7, 1911 (See 10 P. & 
T. M. Rev. 3728.) Chili is not a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted for a maximum term of ten years, 
counting from the date of issue. Inventions patented elsewhere may be patented 
in Chili, provided proof is furnished showing the date of the first foreign patent 
granted to the applicant, and the term of its duration. The President of the 
Republic of Chili has power to extend the term of a patent to twenty years, 
depending upon the report of the experts as to the nature and importance of the 
invention. The term of a patent is fixed by the Government in each case. The 
General Director of Public Works has power to appoint a commission of one or 
more experts to examine the invention and to report as to its originality. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or by the assignee of 
the inventor, who may be a firm or corporation, provided, in the latter case, that 
the power of attorney is executed by the inventor and assignee. 

Novelty. — To obtain a valid patent, the invention must be unknown in Chili 
at the time the application is filed. Prior publication or patents in foreign coun- 
tries will not prevent the obtaining of a perfectly valid patent in Chili, provided 
the invention is new there at the time the application is filed.. Whenever an 
application is filed for an invention that is known and practiced in a foreign 
country, the particulars as to the application are published in the Official Gazette; 
and interested parties can. within thirty davs from the date of such publication, 
oppose the grant of a patent, upon showing that the invention or industry has 
been put into practice in Chili, or that steps have been taken and expense in- 
curred for the introduction of the same, prior to the date of filing of the appli- 
cation. 

44 



Unpatentable. — Articles of food, or beverages; medicines, pharmaceutical 
preparations and combinations in general; but the process of, or the apparatus 
for the manufacture of these articles may be patented; financial, commercial or 
business systems, combinations or schemes; inventions which have been described 
in books or works printed for sale to the public, and inventions which have been 
in public use or delivered to the trade previous to the application for patent 
therefor; inventions contrary to public health, order, morals, or to the security of 
the State; inventions of a mere theoretical character. 

Taxes. — There are no taxes payable after the issue of the patent. 

Working. — The term within which working "must be effected is fixed by the 
Government when the patent is granted, and is usually from one to two years, 
on the conclusion of which term the patent will commence to run. To fully 
comply with the requirements of the law, the invention should be industrially 
worked in Chili. However, in some cases, when the invention relates to fire- 
arms, explosives, submarine boats, artillery, wireless telegraphy, and all inven- 
tions which do not belong to ordinary industry, it will be sufficient if the 
patentee appoints, by a duly executed power of attorney, an agent or representa- 
tive in Chili, and supplies him with catalogues, drawings, estimates, etc., enabling 
the public or interested parties to enter into negotiations with the agent, or, if 
the invention relates to a process of treating ores, nitrates or raw materials, 
which requires previous study, purchase of estates, mineral concessions, nitrate- 
bearing properties, organization of companies, partnerships, etc., without which 
the working of the patented article would not be practicable, the patentee may, 
by inserting advertisements in newspapers in Chili, offering the invention for 
sale, obtain a certificate of working, if the Patent Office deems the publication of 
these advertisements sufficient. The term for working may be extended for one 
year, provided sufficient reasons are given therefor. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that the patented article be 
marked to indicate that it is patented. 

Assignment. — The entire patent only can be assigned, and not a partial 
interest therein. To record an assignment of a patent in Chili, the following 
documents must be furnished: i. Assignment, executed by assignor, acknowl- 
edged before a Notary Public, and legalized by a Chilian Consul. 2. Power of 
attorney to register the assignment, executed by the assignee, in the same man- 
ner. 3. The Chilian Letters Patent for endorsement of the transfer thereon. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney.— Signed by applicant, acknowledged before a Notary 
Public, and legalized by a Chilian Consul. 

2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate, on bristol board or tracing linen of any con- 
venient size, leaving ample margin at the sides. No signature necessary. 

4. Samples. — These may be called for by the Office. 

COLOMBIA. 

Patents are granted for a term of ten to fifty years. In case a prior foreign 
patent has issued, the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first to expire. 
Application may be filed by the inventor, or his assignee, whether an individual, 
firm or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. Colombia is not a 
member of the International Union, and application should be filed before the 
invention has been publicly used anywhere. Inventions patented elsewhere may 
be patented in Colombia, provided such inventions have not become public prop- 
erty. No taxes are payable. Working must be effected within one year from 
the date^ of grant of the patent, and must not be discontinued for any twelve 
consecutive months thereafter. 

Docurnents required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Columbia; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

ECUADOR. 

Patents are granted for not less than ten years or more than fifteen years. 
The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corpora- 

45 



tion, Ecuador is not a member of the International Union, and application should 
be filed before the invention has been described or published in the press any- 
where. No taxes are payable; working- must be effected within one year from 
the date of grant of the patent. 

Document required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Ecuador; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate on tracing cloth, anj^ suitable size. 

FALKLAND ISLANDS. 

Patents are granted only for inventions previously patented in Great Britain, 
and for the unexpired term of the British patent. The inventor may apply, the 
owner of the British patent or any person to whom all interest in such patent, 
in respect of the Falkland Islands, has been assigned. This Colony is not a 
member of the International Union. Application may be filed at any time during 
the life of the British patent. No taxes are payable, and working is not required. 

Docurnents required: Power; specification in duplicate; drawings, in dupli- 
cate on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches; affidavit that applicant is lawful owner 
of the invention or the assignee of the owner, in respect of the Falkland Islands, 
legalized by British Consul. Two certified copies of corresponding British patent. 

PANAMA REPUBLIC. 

Law. — The law is that of November 9, 1908 (Law No. 24 of 1908), as amended 
January 29, 191 1 (Law No. 47 of 1911). (For translations see 7 P. & T. M. Rev. 
2865 and 9 P. & T. M. Rev. 3541.) A patent taken out in the Panama Republic 
covers the entire Republic, but does not include the Panama Canal Zone. By 
Executive Order of the Secretary of War, effective April 15, 1907, the patent, 
trade mark and copyright laws of the United States were extended to and made 
effective within the Canal Zone. Panama is not a member of the International 
Union. 

Patents. — Patents of invention are granted to citizens of the Republic of 
Panama for five, ten, fifteen or twenty years, counting from the date of issue of 
the patent. The maximum duration of patents granted to foreigners is fifteen 
years, but in no case will the protection exceed the period of protection granted 
in the home country of the applicant. Provision is made for the extension of the 
terms of patents granted for less than the maximum term, provided the impor- 
tance of the invention, in the opinion of the Executive, justifies such extension. 
Applications are not subject to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor or his legal representa- 
tive. An assignee of the inventor, who may be a firm or corporation, may apply, 
provided proof is furnished that the patent is granted to the assignee in the appli- 
cant's home country. 

Novelty. — Application should be filed before the invention has become known 
in Panama. Inventions patented elsewhere may be patented in Panama at any 
time during the life of the foreign patent, provided the invention has not become 
known in Panama. 

Unpatentable. — Inventions contrary to public health or morals. . 

Taxes. — There are no taxes payable after issue of the patent. 

Working. — Must be effected to an adequate extent, in the case of five-year 
patents within twenty months from the date of the patent, ten-year patents 
within forty months, and fifteen-year patents within sixty months, or five years. 

Compulsory License. — The law is silent on the subject. 

Marking. — The law does not specifically require that the patented article be 
marked to indicate that it is patented. 

Assignment. — To record an assignment of a patent in Panama the following 
documents are required : i. Assignment signed by assignor, acknowledged before 
a Notary Public, and legalized by a Consul of Panama. 2. Power of attorney 
to register the assignment, signed by assignee, acknowledged before a Notary 
Public, and legalized by a Consul of Panama. 3. The Letters Patent for endorse- 
ment of the transfer thereon. 

Documents Required. 
I. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant, acknowledged before a Notary 
Public, and legalized by a Consul of Panama. 

46 



2. Specification. — Unsigned. 

3. Drawings. — In duplicate, on tracing linen of any convenient size. 

4. Certified Copy. — Foreigners must file a certified copy of the patent granted 
to them in their home country, legalized by a Consul of Panama. 

PARAGUAY. 

Under the provisions of a Convention with Argentina, Bolivia, Peru and 
Uruguay, a patent granted in any of these countries may be extended to Para- 
guay, provided application therefor is filed within one year from the date of such 
patent. The Government also grants, independently, exclusive privileges for 
useful inventions. This country is not a member of the International Union, and 
application should be filed within the period named above. The inventor may 
'ipply? or the owner of a patent granted in any of the countries referred to above, 
whether an individual, firm or corporation. No taxes are payable; working is not 
usually required. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by Consul of Paraguay; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any size; certified copy of patent 
granted in one of the countries referred to above, if any, legalized by Consul of 
Paraguay. 

PERU. 

Patents are granted for ten years. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, 
whether an individual, firm or corporation. This country is not a member of the 
International Union, and application should be filed before the invention has 
received sufficient publicity anywhere to enable it to be put into practice. No 
taxes are payable, and working must be effected within two years. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Peru; specification; 
drawings, in triplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

URUGUAY. 

Patents are granted for nine years; patents of addition, for the unexpired 
term of the original patent. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether 
an individual, firm or corporation, provided assignee is the owner of a foreign 
patent. This country is not a member of the International Union, and applica- 
tion should be filed before the invention has been publicly used in Uruguay. 
Inventions patented elsewhere may be patented in Uruguay, provided applica- 
tion is filed within one year from the date of issue of the foreign patent, and 
provided the invention has not been publicly used in Uruguay. No taxes are 
payable; working must be effected within a period fixed in the patent deed, 
usually two years, and must not be discontinued for any twelve consecutive 
months thereafter. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Uruguay; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in triplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size; certified copy of 
the foreign patent upon which the application is based, legalized by a Consul of 
Uruguay. 

VENEZUELA. 

Patents are granted for a term of five, ten or fifteen years. In case a prior 
foreign patent has issued, the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first 
to expire. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm 
or corporation. Venezuela is not a member of the International Union, and appli- 
cation should be filed before the invention has been used or known by others in 
Venezuela, or described in a public print published either in the country or 
abroad, or in public use, or on sale for more than two years. Inventions patented 
elsewhere may be patented in Venezuela at any time during the life of the foreign 
patent, such protection being known as a "revalidation" of the foreign patent as 
to Venezuela. No taxes are payable; in the case of five-year patents, working 
must be effected within six months, ten-year patents within one year, and fifteen- 
year patents within two years, and must in no case be discontinued for any twelve 
consecutive months. Proof that invention is worked elsewhere will suffice. 

47 



Documents required: Power, legalized by a Consul of Venezuela; specifica- 
tion; drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth; if a foreign patent exists, a certified 
copy of the same, legalized by a Consul of Venezuela, must be furnished; an oath 
is required, but this may be signed by the agent under power of attorney. 



ASIA. 

AFGHANISTAN. 

No patent law exists in this country, and, so far as we know, there is no way 
in which inventions may be effectually protected, 

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. In case a prior patent has been ' 
obtained in Great Britain or in any British possession, the term is limited to that 
of such patent. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, 
firm or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the International Union, 
and application should be filed before the invention has been publicly used in the 
Colony, in Great Britain or in any British possession, or, at any time during the 
life of the British patent, provided there has been no prior use of the invention 
m the Colony, in Great Britain or in any British possession, excepting use in 
the interim by the inventor or with his consent. No taxes are payable, and work- 
ing is not required. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration to accompany petition; 
specification, in duplicate, signed; declaration to accompany specification; draw- 
ings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size; certified copy of British 
patent, if any exists. 

CEYLON. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine months, 
with possible extension to twelve months, upon payment of an additional fee. 
(For text of law see 5 P. & T. M. Rev. 1809.) The inventor may apply either 
alone or jointly with an assignee of a part interest in the invention; or an 
assignee of the inventor, whether an individual, firm or corporation, or any 
person to whom the invention has been communicated by the inventor, his legal 
representative or assigns. Application should be filed before the invention has been 
publicly used in the Colony. Ceylon is a member of the International Union, and 
application may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the earliest appli- 
cation filed in a Convention country. At any time during the life of a British 
patent, and provided the invention has not been publicly used in the Colony, the 
owner of such patent may apply in Ceylon for the registration of the British 
patent, and such registration shall have the same force and effect as a Ceylon 
patent, excepting that the term is limited to the unexpired terin of the British 
patent. Taxes are payable before the end of the fourth year, and annually there- 
after. Working is not required^, but provision is made for the granting of com- 
pulsory licenses. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
cation, in quadruplicate, signed; drawings, in quadruplicate, on tracing cloth, size 
8 by 13 inches, signed by applicant at right-hand bottom corner; if application is 
filed under the International Convention, two certified copies of the patent upon 
which Convention rights are claimed must be furnished; if application is for regis- 
tration of a British patent, two certified copies of such patent must be filed. 

CHINA. 

No patent law exists. In the absence of such, a measure of protection for 
inventions may be obtained, in the case of United States citizens, by filing, at the 
office of the Consul-General of the United States at Shanghai, an application for 
registration of specification and drawings covering the invention. Such an appli- 

48 



cation may be filed at any time during the life of a foreign patent. No taxes are 
P^^^^lrcu^mfnTs°?eiru1rl^d-°Vo^-e;?sp,ecification, in duplicate; drawings, in dupli- 
cate, of any suitable size and material. 

CYPRUS. 

No patent law exists in this country, and, so far as we know, there is no way 
in which inventions may be effectually protected. 

DECCAN (HYDERABAD). 

. Patents are granted for a ^e- of fourteen years w^ 

a further term of seven years. The ^nventor ^^^ \P.P ^^^^^^ be presented. This 
an individual, firm or ^0^^?°^^^^°"^ P'jX.fati^^^^ application should 

Native State is not a member of J^^e intern atio^ ^^^^_ 

be filed before the mvention has ^een published or puDiic^^^^ ^^^ ^^.^^^^ 

ever, use by the inventor or his a?ent or J^J ^^^7. °'^^'^'/\^? prior to the filing 

not required, but P^v'S'on .s made to the granung of c^ 

copi?s°onr\l^ng^pacSX^^^^^ 

for. A model or photographs may be called tor. 

FEDERATED MALAY STATES. 

Negri Sembilan. 

Negri Sembilan, with Pahang, Perak and Selangor, °" *«. M^'A^ i?;"^f,?^^' 
adjoining the Straits Settlements, are known as the Federated Malay states. 

=^^kTett?areVan?eTfo;'fort"eeryTa'rs',Tith possible extension^f^^^^^ 

term of seven vears. The inventor may apply, or h,s assignee whether an nd 

excep?ing use in the interim by the inventor or with his consent. A tax is pay- 

l-on5panTs?eSat?ot'Xawirgfirrplic"a^ 
size; certified copy of British patent, if any exists. 

Pahang. 

The law in force in this State, and the requirements thereunder, are sub- 
stantially the same as those in Negri Sembilan, which see. 



Perak 



The law in force in this State, and the requirements thereunder, are sub- 
stantially the same as those in Negri Sembilan, which see. 

Selangor. 

The law in force in this State,. and the requirements thereunder, are sub- 
stantially the same as those in Negri Sembilan, which see. 

49 



ttONG KONa 

and^or^^he n'n Jnfr".H "^^ °"^^ for inventions previously patented in Great Britain 
and tor the unexpired term of the British patent. The inventor mav aoolv or 
be'tfretm'ed " Thi'T T '"^'^'i^"^!' «"" - corporation, provided an Lsfgnf^e^ 
cAfinn m. ;.^i '^^?^°"^' '• "°*/ member of the International Union. Appli- 
thprAfc K ^^'"^"^ ^"^ ^-""u" ^"""§^ *^^ ^^^^ of the British patent, provided 

and" -orking ^s"nor;:;ii?:d°^ ''' '"^'^"^^^^ ^" ^^^ ^^^°">^- ^^° ^^^ are 'payable, 
Documents required: Power; petition; declaration, acknowledged before a 
^r^rfn^ T"Ji ' Specification, in duplicate, signed; drawings, in duplicate, on 
tracing cloth, any suitable size; copy (uncertified) of British patent; if applicant 
IS assignee, an assignment from the inventor must be furnished. 

INDIA. 

the i^nt'hafpa^glnas."^"" ''^ "'°^^ °' ^"^'^' '"^^^' ^"^^^^ Baluchistan and 

T M il^ l^^'.7?"p j"^? ^°''' °" J^""/"^ '' '912. (For text of law see lo P. & 
1. M. Rev 3697.) Patents are granted for a term of fourteen vears, with possible 
'^ rf ' p" ^'.^ -""''^r '^I"^ °J ^'^^^ years,. and in exceptional cases for fourteen 
years Patents issued under the earlier Act may be converted under the new Act 
provided application is made within two years from the commencement of Ihe 
tf.; !^^ inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or 
T^wn.r°"'A°'^-'^'^ an assignment be presented. India is not a member of the 
International Union, and application should be filed before the invention has 
been publicly used or made publicly known in any part of British India Taxes 
are payable before the end of the fourth year, and annually thereafter Workfng 
must be effected to an adequate extent within four years; otherwise interested 
parties may apply for compulsory licenses, or, in the alternative, for^evocat on 
of the patent. The patented article should be marked "Patented," followed bv 
the number and date of the patent. iunuueaoy 

Documents required: Power; application; specification, in triplicate; draw- 
mfrVn^ramunV" ''"''"^ ' '^ ^^ ^ "''''''' °' '^ ^^ '^ ^"^^^^' with'^-in^h 

JAPAN. 

7 p\^t""m'r1v\«J^'S°^ ^^P"^ ^' '909 (Law No. 23). (For translation see 
Ln'fJr^;L f ^ J ^^ J^P^" '^ ^ member of the International Union. The 

protection of the Japanese patent extends to Korea 

ino- W,"ftrJf/^"^/ °^ invention are granted for a term of fifteen years, count- 
ing from the date of registration; patents of addition, for the unexpired term of 
the original patent. The term of the patent may be extended, in accordance with 
anrnTmo°re'''thl'''r^"'^ ^^ 'T'^^'^ Ordinance, for not kss than three ylars 
novelty ^'^''' ^^PP^'^^^^o^s are subject to examination as to 

Patentee.— Application may be made by the inventor or his legal successor 
med'"witS^hr?ppHc"t"om'^ ''''^' ''°"'^' ^" assignment from the inventor is 

l.n..^°''.^^*^'""i^?^''^i-^^*^°" '^^"V ^^ f"^^^ ^^f°^e the invention has been publicly 
Hon .1-T -I'l^T- ^tP^"' ^^ ^'^°'^ th^ invention has been described in pub ica- 
n^o nr'.'rHV."*''\/V'P?? '""y T^ "^ '""l'')^' '^^' the invention can easil/be put 
nto practice. Under the International Convention, application may be filed 

tlin counter '^" ^^'"^ °^ '^'' '^'^'''' ^PPl^^^tion filed in ^a Conven- 

^n^^"^fi*^!?*^^^f—-^''''^"^'°."^ relating to food products, or beverages, medicines 
and methods of compoundmg them; inventions contrary to public o?der or 
morals, or injurious to health. ^ puonc oraer or 

T..f Jf'^^^TJ-^''^i ^''''/^^ ^""^^ three years must be paid when registration of the 
ln^\it' 2^ ^'"5^' ^¥ the remaining taxes are due annually thereafter, counting 
i7J?ul' M ' °^ registration. There are no annual taxes payable on patents of 
addition. No grace is allowed, but late payment is at present accepted 



50 



ertected as indicated above, the Director of fhf^ Paf^nf n^^i worKing is not 
request of an interested pa.y, or b/^Jirlne^^of'h^is^o^^dll ^aJt^orUy^^Verke Z 

M.?lSnl'°%^'"''f -""^^^ ^^-^^^ '' ^^^^"t °" the subject. 

Marking—The patented article should be marked to indicate th^f if ;. 




witnSe . 3. Demand for feiistrlnn/^J^"""-"'' "^."''^- ''5' ^'''«''°' ^"^ '"'° 

Documents Required. 

Notary Pulfic wh^^I^Jf.?^;""^^^"."? ^^ applicant, and acknowledged before a 
con?u7ar legi^Tza'l^nr^^^^^ ^^ ^° ^^^ nationality of the applicant. No 

2. Specification.— Two copies, unsigned, 
cloth' sizeThf "tT^" l^P^^""?!^' ?" ,^°"^^ ^"^ s"^ooth white paper or tracing 

^if ri5 =^ -- "-- -t «!- 1?^-^ cr."^LLfi.-.r. -" 

from'\htf„'feXr"mTst^\''?u?nfsh:d*''" '''""'' °' "^^ '"^"''°^' ^^ --sn-nt 
a certifi'^rcoot "J.^J^TI??""?*"™ ■'.?'^/ ""<>" '^e International Convention 

If tlf; exact date ?,ZnTh- °""^.«"ti°n-This should be furnished in every case 

nished.X dat of'^^nn^'"'? the'fil"r"'T'rP''=''='^ 't' invention cannot be fur 
, tne aate ot tiling: of the first application anywhere filed will be sufficient. 

JOHORE. 

patem,1"'ap'plicftion'ls {.°ased°"there"or'rF ^"\ '™'*f<', '° '^™ °f ^ P^or foreign 

invention has been p "bHcTLyd theVe or In^'pr^^^^^^^ *'^ «''" "^f"--^ "'^ 

or dependency thereof Hnwpv„^„l,r u ' ^^'^''^'n, or in any possession 



51 



of the seventh year. Working is not required, but provision is made for the grant- 
ing of compulsory licenses. 

Documents required: Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses, who 
should state their addresses and occupations; petition; six copies of the specifica- 
tion, one copy at least signed; six copies of drawings, on drawing paper or tracing 
cloth, any suitable size; certified copy of British patent, if application is based 
thereon, 

MYSORE. 

Patents are granted for a term of fourteen years, with possible extension for 
a further term of seven years. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether 
an individual, firm or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This 
State is not a member of the International Union, and application should be filed 
before the invention has been published or publicly used therein. However, use 
by the inventor or his agent, or by any other person with the written consent of 
the inventor, for a period not exceeding one year prior to the filing of the appli- 
cation, shall not be deemed to be publication or public use. Taxes are payable 
at the end of the fourth year, and annually thereafter. Working is not required, 
but provision is made for the granting of compulsory licenses. 

Documents required: Power, signed before two witnesses; application; eight 
copies of specification; eight copies of drawings, on tracing cloth, size 13 inches 
in height by 16 inches in width, 8 inches left blank on left-hand side and ^-inch 
margin around remainder of sheet. Special application forms necessary where 
British patent has been applied for. A model' or photographs may be called for. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

Protection for inventions may be obtained in the Philippine Islands by filing 
with the Chief of the Bureau of Patents, Copyrights and Trade Marks a certified 
copy of the United States patent, preferably accompanied by a form of authori- 
zation executed by the applicant, and thereby securing an extension to the Philip- 
pine Islands of the protection afforded by the United States patent. The pro- 
tection in the Philippine Islands will continue during the life of the United States 
patent. 

SEYCHELLES ISLANDS. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, v/hether an individual, firm 
or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the International Union, and 
application should be filed before the invention has been publicly manufactured, 
used or sold in the Seychelles Islands. Provision is made for the granting of 
letters of registration for a patent obtained in Great Britain or aay other country, 
which will have the same force and effect as letters patent issued under the Sey- 
chelles Ordinance. This protection may be applied for at any_ time during the 
life of the foreign patent. Taxes are payable before the expiration of the fourth 
year, and annually thereafter. Working is not required, but provision is made 
for the granting of compulsory licenses. 

Documents required: Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses; appli- 
cation, legalized by British Consul; specification, in duplicate, signed; drawings, 
in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

SIAM. 

No patent law exists in this country, and, so far as we know, there is no way 
in which inventions may be effectually protected. 

STRAITS SETTLEMENTS. 

The patent covers Malacca, Penang, Singapore and the Province of Wellesley. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. In case a prior patent has been 
obtained in Great Britain or in any British possession, the term is limited to that 
of such patent. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, 

52 



firm or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the International Union, 
and application should be filed before the invention has been publicly usedin the 
Colony, in Great Britain or in any British possession, or, at any time during the 
life of the British patent, provided there has been no prior use of the invention 
in the Colony, in Great Britain or in any British possession, excepting use in the 
interim by the inventor or with his consent. No taxes are payable, and working 
is not required. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration to accornpany petition; 
specification, in duplicate, signed; declaration to accompany specification; draw- 
ings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size; certified copy of British 
patent, if any exists. 

AFRICA, 

ABYSSINIA. 

No special law exists in this country providing for the protection of inven- 
tions. It is, however, thought that some measure of protection can be secured 
by inventors in special cases by the favor of the Negus, who, if he believed an 
invention would be useful in, and beneficial to, the country, would be likely to 
grant a special concession having the force of a patent, securing to the inventor 
the exclusive right to the invention for a limited time. 

BELGIAN CONGO. 

Patents of invention are granted for a term of twenty years; patents of 
importation, for the unexpired term of the foreign patent having the longest 
term, but not to exceed twenty years; and patents of addition, for the unexpired 
term of the original patent. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether 
an individual, firm or corporation. This Colony is not a member of the Inter- 
national Union. Application for a patent of invention should be filed before the 
invention has been publicly used or published anj'-where. Application for a patent 
of importation may be filed at any time during the life of a foreign patent, pro- 
vided the invention has not been publicly used. No taxes are payable, and work- 
ing is not required. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by a Belgian Consul; specification; 
drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, 34 centimetres (13^ inches) by 21 centi- 
metres (8% inches), with marginal line all around of 4H centimetres (i^ inches). 
If application is for a patent of importation, the number and date of the patent 
upon which the application is based should be furnished. 

EAST AFRICA PROTECTORATE. 

Patent covers the East African Coast from below Mombasa to Juba, and 
extending inland to the Uganda Protectorate. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the unexpired term of 
the British patent if any exists. (For digest of law see _i P. & T. M. Rev. 230.) 
The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corpora- 
tion, provided an assignment be presented. The Protectorate is not a member 
of the International Union, and application should be filed before the invention 
has become publicly known or used either in the East Africa Protectorate or in 
Great Britain, or before the expiration of one year from the date of the acquisi- 
tion of a foreign patent or the sealing of a British patent. Taxes are payable 
before the expiration of the fourth and eighth years. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses, who 
should state their addresses and occupations; petition; six copies of specification, 
one copy at least signed; six copies of drawings, on drawing paper or tracing 
cloth, any suitable size. 

EGYPT. 

While no patent law exists in this country, the Mixed Courts at Alexandria 
have jurisdiction over all causes of action arising between natives and foreigners, 

53 



including infringement of rights in inventions. Protection may be obtained by 
registration in a special book kept at the Registry of the Mixed Courts at Alex- 
andria. It is optional with the applicant to also register at the Mixed Courts at 
Cairo and Mansourah, but we are advised by good authority that this is not 
essential to the validity of the Eg3^ptian registration, and that registration in any 
one of these courts is sufficient to secure protection for the whole of Egypt. The 
inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation, 
and application may be filed at any time during the life of a foreign patent. No 
taxes are payable, and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses; speci- 
fication, in duplicate;, drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

GAMBIA (BRITISH). 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the term of a prior 
foreign patent, if application is based thereon; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or 
corporation, provided an assignment be presented. While Gambia is not a mem- 
ber of the International Union, a law has been enacted applying the provisions 
of the Convention to Gambia, under which provisions application may be filed 
within twelve months after the filing of the earliest application filed in a Con- 
vention country. Otherwise, application should be filed before the invention has 
been published or publicly used in the Colony. Provision is also made for the 
registration in Gambia of patents obtained in other countries, which have the 
same force and effect as patents issued under the Ordinance. Taxes are payable 
before the expiration of the fourth year, and annually thereafter. Working is not 
required. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. 

GOLD COAST COLONY. 

A patent issued in this Colony also covers Ashanti. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the term of a prior 
foreign patent, if application is based thereon; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or 
corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This Colony is not a member 
of the International Union, and application should be filed before the invention 
has been published or publicly used in the Colony. Provision is also made for 
the registration in Gold Coast Colony of patents obtained in other countries, 
v.'hich have the same force and effect as patents issued under the Ordinance. 
Taxes are payable before the expiration of the fourth year, and annually there- 
after. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. 

LIBERIA. 

Patents are granted for twenty years. The inventor may apply, or his 
assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. Liberia is not a member of 
the International* Union, and application should be filed before the invention has 
been known or used by others, or described in a book or other publication in the 
country. No taxes are payable. Working must be effected within three years 
from the date of grant. 

Documents required: Power; petition; oath, signed before a Notary Public; 
specification, in duplicate, signed in the presence of two witnesses; drawings, in 
duplicate, on tracing cloth, any suitable size, signed by applicant in the lower 
right-hand corner; certificate,^ signed by a Notary Public, to the effect that the 
applicant is the inventor or his assignee, 

MAURITIUS. 

Patents are granted for a term of fourteen years, with possible extension for 
a further fourteen years, A patent based upon a prior British patent will cease 

54 



to have effect if the British patent is revoked or cancelled, and expires with such 
patent at the end of its term. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, w^hether 
an individual, firm or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This 
Colony is not a member of the International Union, and application should be 
filed before the invention has been published or publicly used in Great Britain or 
in Mauritius. However, public use by the applicant or his servants during one 
year prior to the date of application is not deemed to be public use, nor is public 
use, or knowledge surreptitiously obtained, in fraud of the inventor during six 
months prior to application. If a British patent exists, application may be filed 
within twelve months from the date of the British patent, although the invention 
be previously known or used in Mauritius, provided such knowledge or use in 
Mauritius was not prior to the date of the British, patent. No taxes are payable, 
and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses; 
petition; declaration; specification, in duplicate, signed; drawings, in duplicate, 
on tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

NIGERIA (NORTHERN). 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the term of a prior 
foreign patent, if application is based thereon; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm 
or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This Protectorate is not a 
member of the International Union, and application should be filed before the 
invention has been published or publicly used there. Provision is also made 
for the registration in Northern Nigeria of patents obtained in other countries, 
which have the same force and effect as patents issued under the Ordinance. 
Taxes are payable before the expiration of the fourth year, and annually there- 
after. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. 

NIGERIA (SOUTHERN). 

This Colony comprises the former Colony and Protectorate of Lagos and the 
former Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the term of a prior 
foreign patent, if application is based thereon; provisional protection for nine 
months. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm 
or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This Colony is not a 
member of the International Union, and application should be filed before the 
invention has been published or publicly used in the Colony. Provision is also made 
for the registration in Southern Nigeria of patents obtained in other countries, 
which have the same force and effect as patents issued under the Ordinance. 
Taxes are payable before the expiration of the fourth year, and annually there- 
after. Working is not required. 

Documents required : Power; application, legalized by British Consul; speci- 
fication, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. 

NYASALAND (BRITISH CENTRAL AFRICA). 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but limited to the unexpired term of 
the British patent, if application is based on such patent; provisional protection 
for nine months. The procedure and requirements are substantially the sape as 
those of Great Britain. The inventor may apply either alone or jointly with an 
assignee of a partial interest in the invention, whether an individual, firm or cor- 
poration. This Protectorate is not a member of the International Union, and 
application should be filed before the invention has been published or publicly 
used there. Application may be filed at any time during the life of the British 
patent, provided the invention has not been publicly used in Nyasaland. Taxes 
are payable before the end of the fourth year, and annually thereafter; working 
must be effected within four years, and must not be discontinued for any twelve 
consecutive months thereafter. 

Documents required: Power; application; specification, in duplicate; draw- 
ings, in duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. 

55 



RHODESIA (SOUTHERN). 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine months. 
(For text of Patents Ordinance see 3 P. & T. M. Rev. 1057.) Application may be 
filed by the inventor alone or jointly with an assignee of a partial interest in the 
invention; or in the name of a local agent as a "communication" from the inventor 
or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. This Colony is not a 
member of the International Union, and application should be filed before the 
invention has been publicly used in the Colony, or before it has been patented or 
described in any printed publication in Rhodesia or any foreign country, or 
publicly used or on sale in Rhodesia or any foreign country for more than two 
years. However, the issuance of a prior foreign patent, or the public use or publi- 
cation of the invention anywhere, will not be a bar to obtaining a valid patent, 
provided the application is filed within twelve months from the date of grant of 
the first foreign patent. Taxes are payable before the expiration of the third 
year, and annually thereafter. Working is not required. 

Documents required: Power, legalized by British Consul; application; speci- 
fication, in triplicate, signed; drawings, in triplicate, on tracing cloth, size 8 by 13 
inches. 

ST. HELENA. 

Patents are granted only for inventions previously patented in Great Britain, 
and for the unexpired term of the British patent. The inventor may apply, or 
the owner of the British patent, or any person to whom all interest in such 
patent, in respect of St. Helena, has been assigned. This Colony is not a member 
of the International Union, and application may be filed at any time during the 
life of the British patent. No taxes are payable, and working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration; certified copy of British 
patent and specification. Other specification and drawings not required. 

SUDAN. 

No patent law exists in this country, and the practice of effecting registration 
with the Legal Secretary at Khartum has been abolished. We are advised that 
redress for infringement of inventions may be obtained through the courts. It is 
suggested that a notice might be published in one of the newspapers of the Sudan, 
asserting applicant's claim to the invention, and warning all persons against the 
infringement thereof. • 

SWAZILAND. 

A separate patent may be obtained covering this territory. The Transvaal 
Patent Laws apply mutatis mutandis. 

For information, documents required, etc., see "Transvaal." 



TUNIS. 

Patents are granted for fifteen years. The law in this French Protectorate 
is substantially the same as that of France. The inventor may apply, or his 
assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. This Protectorate is a 
member of the International Union, and under the provisions of the International 
Convention, application may be filed within twelve months after the filing of the 
earliest application in a Convention country; otherwise, application should be 
filed before the invention has been published or publicly used, or has otherwise 
received sufficient publicity to allow its being put into practice, either in Tunis 
or in any other country. Taxes are payable annually. Working must be effected 
within two years from the date of issue of the patent, and must not be discon- 
tinued for any two consecutive years thereafter. 

Documents required: Power; specification; drawings, in duplicate, on tracing 
cloth, any suitable size. 

56 



UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
Cape of Good Hope. 

A patent granted in the Cape of Good Hope also covers British Bechuanaland. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for six months. 
In case prior foreign patent or patents exist, the term is limited to that of the 
foreign patent first to expire. The inventor may apply alone or jointly with an 
assignee of a partial interest in the invention, whether an individual, firm or 
corporation, or application may be filed in the name of a local agent, as a "com- 
munication" from the inventor or assignee, whether an individual, firm or cor- 
poration. This Province is not a member of the International Union, and appli- 
cation should be filed before the invention has been published or publicly used 
in the Province. Publication or the fact that an invention has been patented in 
a foreign country does not prevent the obtaining of a perfectly valid patent, so 
long as the invention is new within the Province at the time the application is 
filed. Taxes are payable before the end of the third and seventh years, respect- 
ively; working is not required. 

Documents required: Power; specification, in duplicate, signed; drawings, 
in duplicate, on tracing cloth, size 8 by 13 inches. 

Natal 

A patent granted in Natal also covers Zululand. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for six months. 
In case prior foreign patent or patents exist, the term is limited to that of the 
foreign patent first to expire. The inventor may apply alone or jointly with an 
assignee of a partial interest in the invention, whether an individual, firm or cor- 
poration, or application may be filed in the name of a local agent, as a "communi- 
cation" from the inventor or assignee, whether an individual, firm or corpora- 
tion. This Province is not a member of the International Union, and application 
should be filed before the invention has been published or publicly used in the 
Province. Publication, or the fact that an invention has been patented in a 
foreign country, does not prevent the obtaining of a perfectly valid patent, so 
long as the invention is new within the Province at the time the application is 
filed. Taxes are payable before the end of the third and seventh years, respect- 
ively; working is not required. 

Documents required : Power : specification, in duplicate, signed ; drawings, in 
duplicate, on tracing cloth, size 8 by 13 inches. 

Transvaal. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for nine 
nionths. (For text of law see i P. & T. M. Rev. 276.) The inventor may apply, 
either alone or jointly with an assignee of a partial interest in the invention. 
This Province is not a member of the International Union, and application should 
be filed before the invention has been publicly used in the Province, or before it 
has been patented or described in any printed publication in the Province or 
any foreign country, or publicly used or on sale in the Province or any foreign 
country for more than two years. However, the issuance of a prior foreign 
patent, or the public use or publication of the invention anywhere, will not be 
a bar to obtaining a valid patent, provided application is filed in the Province 
within twelve months from the date of grant of the first foreign patent. Taxes 
are payable before the expiration of the third year, and annually thereafter. 
Working is not required, but interested parties may demand and obtain a license 
under the patent on reasonable terms, upon application to the Government. 

Docurnents required: Power; application; specification, in triplicate; draw- 
ings, in triplicate, one on drawing paper and two on tracing cloth, any suitable 
size, but 13 inches in height by 8 or 16 inches in width is preferred. 

Orange Free State. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years; provisional protection for six months. 
In case prior foreign patent or patents exist, the term is limited to that of the 

57 



foreign patent first to expire. The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether 
an individual, firm or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This 
Province is not a member of the International Union, and application should be 
filed before the invention has been published or publicly used in the Province. 
Applicant is required to publish at his own expense twice in a newspaper issued 
in the district where he resides a notice prescribed by the Registrar, stating that 
application for patent has been made in Orange Free State. Taxes are payable 
before the end of the third and seventh years, respectively; working is not 
required. 

Documents required: Power, signed by applicant before two witnesses; 
application; specification, in duplicate; drawings, in duplicate, on tracing cloth, 
size 8 by 13 inches. 

ZANZIBAR. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years. An exclusive privilege in respect of 
an invention for which a patent has been obtained in Great Britain will cease on 
the revocation or expiration of such patent. If a patent has not been obtained 
in Great Britain, the Zanzibar exclusive privilege will cease on the revocation 
or expiration of any other prior foreign patent. (For Digest of Law and Prac- 
tice, see I P. & T. M. Rev. 222.) The inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether 
an individual, firm or corporation, provided an assignment be presented. This 
Protectorate is not a member of the International Union, and application should 
be filed before the invention has been published or publicly used in Great Britain 
or in Zanzibar. However, public use by the applicant or his servants during one 
year prior to the date of application is not deemed to be public use, nor is public 
use, or knowledge surreptitiously obtained in fraud of the inventor, during six 
months prior to application. If a British patent exists, application may be filed 
within twelve months from the date of actual sealing of the British patent, 
although the invention be previously known or used in Zanzibar, provided such 
knowledge or use in Zanzibar was not prior to the date of the British patent. 
Taxes are payable before the expiration of the fourth and eighth years. Working 
is not required. 

Documents required : Power, signed in the presence of two witnesses, who 
should state their addresses and occupations; petition; six copies of the speci- 
fication, one copy at least signed; six copies of drawings, on drawing paper or 
tracing cloth, any suitable size. 

AUSTRALASIA. 

AUSTRALIAN COMMONWEALTH. 

Law. — The law is that of October 22, 1903, the "Patents Act, 1903," as 
amended by the "Patents Act" of 1906 and 1909. (See 2 P. & T. M. Rev. 679, 
5 P. & T. M. Rev. 1819, and 8 P. & T. M. Rev. 3035.) Australia is a member of the 
International Union. 

Patents. — Provisional protection may be obtained for a term of nine months, 
which term may sometimes be extended for one month. Patents of invention 
are granted for a term of fourteen years, counting from the date of filing of the 
application; patents of addition, for the unexpired term of the original patent. 
At least six months before the expiration of the patent a patentee may petition 
to the Supreme Court, praying that his patent may be extended for a further 
term, and if. in the opinion of the Court, the patentee has been inadequately 
remunerated by his patent, the Court may order the extension of the term of the 
patent for a further term, not exceeding seven, or in exceptional jcases fourteen, 
years, or order the grant of a new patent for the term specified. Applications 
are submitted to examination as to novelty. 

Patentee. — Application may be made by the inventor, his assignee, agent, 
attornej^ or nominee, or the inventor or his nominee jointly with the assignee of 
a part interest in the invention; or the legal representative of a deceased inventor 
or of his assignee; or any person to whom the invention has been communicated 
by the inventor, his legal representative or assignee. A firm or corporation may 
apply, but the form of application must mention the name of the inventor. 

58 



in a^ook!^;T;^^^ ^'^*?",'^°k1 "^ ^-^ ^^^^ ^^^^''^ *^^ invention has been described 
on ^^in Z.t.!L^''T.u publication published in Australia, or before the inven- 
A or or .nX.f °t*^' P^y^^ "^'^^ ^^^ ^°"^^"t o^ allowance of the inventor. 

Hshed mo?? h.n fif.P^''"' °' description of an invention made, granted, or pub- 
notbar the lr.n.^ ^ ^/^'' PJ"'"' ^° ^^^ ^^^"^ °^ ^" application for a paient, will 
invenHnn h.f K ^ °i -^ patenf or affect the validity of the patent, unless the 
of the annlfn.Hnn ""'tt"^ i" Australia within fifty years of the date of acceptance 
filed witMn t 1 ^""1^' r^^ International Convention, application may be 

Convention co'unlrV'^ '" ^''"^ °^ ''" ''''''''' ^PP^^-tion filed'in a 

tion^^^nt^^f ^^T\^^ Commissioner may refuse to grant a pater.t for an inven- 

Tpv J A '^^'''^ w ''^^' '" ^^' opinion, be contrary to law or morality. 
vear^frniTh. nt'J^'^Vi^^ """^^ be paid on patents of invention within seven 
fence failT fn nf. fh°^ ^^' ^^ '?^ ^ a patentee by accident, mistake or inadver- 
mav unnn thr^. "TT^ 1^' ^'^^^" *^^ prescribed time, the Commissioner 
^vmeTof .rlHiS?]'^' ""^ ^ .^"'i l^'^?^ ^^^ ^^^"^ ^y three months; or upon 
payment of additional fines, extend the time for additional periods of one month 

of addkToT' '° '"'''"^ °"' ^'"'* ^" ^"- '^^^^^ ^^^ "° t^-^^ payable on p^?ents 
Working.— At any time not less than four years after the date of a patent 

deL^fnTt^haTThe'^a^t^nJ'/'^-'l^^'^ ^°"^^ ""^ f' Supreme Court for an o^e 
Australia ff on ,^^^^"^^^. ^^^icle is not manufactured to an adequate extent in 
Australia. If, on the heanng of the application, the Court is satisfied that the 
paented article is manufactured exclusively or mainly outSde Australia ad 
fn An'.tr^l-r''"''" proves that the article is manufactur'^d to an adequate exte^ 

tL Court mav#ra^^^^^ T!i°f ^"'^.^\^ ^^^^^^^ ''' "^^ «« manufactured 

H^^rrT.^ . T^ %^ .1 ^^^^'^ applied for, and thereafter the patent shall not be 
oFt'e patenLd a'Slle'or^ 'r' manufacture or carrying on in the Commonwealth 
of the DatenteH .rf H ^"""^-fl'- O'' ^Y the vending within the Commonwealth 

ot the patented article made within the Commonwealth. 

Compulsory License— After the expiration of two years from the orant of 

or ZZJJ^ T^ ?'*^^'?^ ''• '^^^''^^ ^y the Commissioner to the High Court 

=m$mmmm 

i^u"tnS^l''tiTeTJ.T''' """'' "' ™"'^'' "Patented," followed by the 



Documents Required. 
I. 

2. 



ADX'.Sn;^" c'"^^-ri^'^""^,>y applicant and one witness. 
Application.— S^ned by applicant and one witness. 

copies A third .on'"T''^''i/KP'f ' unsigned, both "original," and not "carbon- 
copies. A third copy should be furnished for the agent. 



59 



4. Drawings. — In duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. No signa- 
ture necessary. 

5. Certified Copy. — If application is filed under the International Convention, 
a certified copy of the application, as originally filed, on which Convention rights 
are claimed, must be furnished. 

FIJI ISLANDS. 

Patents are granted for fourteen years, but in case a prior foreign patent 
exists the term is limited to that of the foreign patent first to expire. The 
inventor may apply, or his assignee, whether an individual, firm or corporation. 
This Colony is not a member of the International Union. Publication of the 
invention or the fact that prior patents have been obtained therefor in other 
countries will not prevent the obtaining of a perfectly valid patent, provided the 
application is filed before any publication or any public use or knowledge of the 
invention within the Fiji Islands. No taxes are payable, and working is not 
required. 

Documents required: Power; petition; declaration; specification, in dupli- 
cate; drawings, in duplicate, any suitable size and material. 

NEW ZEALAND. 

Law. — The law is "The Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1908." A 
new law, "The Patents, Designs and Trade Marks Act, 1911," will come into 
operation on July i, 1912. (See 10 P. & T. M. Rev. 3734.) The new law contains 
many important changes over the old law, among the principal of which are 
provisions for an examination as to the novelty of an invention and the "work- 
ing" of patents in New Zealand. The following information relates to the new 
law. New Zealand is a member of the International Union. 

Patents. — Provisional protection may be obtained for a term of nine months, 
which term maj^ sometimes be extended for one month. Patents of invention 
are granted for a term of fourteen years, counting from the date of filing of the 
application; patents of addition, for the unexpired term of the original patent. 
A patentee may petition to the court at least six months before the expiration 
of the patent, praying that his patent may be extended for a further term, and 
if, in the opinion of the court, the patentee has been inadequately remunerated 
by his patent, the court may order the extension of the term of the patent for a 
further term not exceeding seven, or in exceptional cases fourteen, years, or 
order the grant of a new patent for the term specified. The Registrar has the 
power to make such investigation of an application as he thinks fit, for the pur- 
pose of ascertaining whether the invention claimed is new. 

Patentee. — Any person who claims to be the true and first inventor, whether 
alone or jointly with any other person, or the legal representative of a deceased 
inventor. A firm or corporation may apply, but the application must mention 
the name of the inventor. 

Novelty. — Application should be filed before the invention has been publicly 
manufactured, used or sold in New Zealand. A patent will not be invalidated by 
reason of publication of the invention prior to the date of the patent, if such 
publication is made without the knowledge or consent of the patentee, or if it is 
proven that the patentee, upon learning of such publication, applied for and 
obtained protection for his invention with all reasonable diligence. Under the 
International Convention, application may be filed within twelve months after 
the filing of the earliest application filed in a Convention country. 

Unpatentable. — The law does not specifically state what is unpatentable. The 
Registrar, however, has the power to refuse to grant a patent for any invention 
which, in his opinion, is not proper subject matter for a patent. 

Taxes. — Patents of inventions are subject to payment of taxes before the 
expiration of the fourth and seventh years, counting from the date of application. 
Three months' srace is allowed for payment of taxes. No taxes are payable on 
patents of addition. 

Working. — At any time not less than four years after the date of a patent, 
and not less than two yeqrs after the commencement of this Act, the Attorney- 
General, or any person'with the leave of the Attorney-General, may petition the 



60 



% 



court for an order declaring that the patented article or process is not manu- 
factured or carried on to an adequate extent in New Zealand. 

If the court is satisfied that the patented article or process is manufactured 
or carried on exclusively or mainly outside New Zealand, then, subject to the 
provisions of this section, and unless the patentee proves that the patented article 
or process is manufactured or carried on to an adequate extent in New Zealand, 
or gives satisfactory reasons why the article or process is not so manufactured 
or carried on, the court shall make the order applied for, to take_ effect either 
forthwith or after such reasonable interval as may be specified in the order, 
unless in the meantime it is shown to the satisfaction of the court that the 
patented article or process is manufactured or carried on within New Zealand to 
an adequate extent. 

Compulsory License. — After the expiration of three years from the date of 
the patent, any person interested may petition the court, alleging that the reason- 
able requirements of the public with respect to the patented invention have not 
6een satisfied, and praying for the grant of a compulsory license, or, in the 
alternative, for the revocation of the patent. If it is proved to the satisfaction of 
the court that the reasonable requirements of the public with reference to the 
patented invention have not been satisfied, the patentee may be ordered by the 
court to grant licenses on such terms as the court may think just; or, if the 
court is of the opinion that the reasonable requirements of the public will not be 
satisfied by the grant of licenses, the patent may be revoked by order of the court. 

Marking. — The patented article should be marked "Patented, New Zealand" 
(or "N. Z."), followed by the number of the patent. 

Assignment. — To record an assignment of a patent, the following documents 
are required: i. Assignment, in duplicate, signed by assignor and two witnesses. 
2. Request to enter name of assignee as subsequent proprietor of the patent, 
signed by assignee. No witness required. 

Documents Required. 

1. Power of Attorney. — Signed by applicant and one witness. 

2. Application. — Signed by applicant and one witness. 

3. Specification. — In duplicate, unsigned, 

4. Drawings. — In duplicate, on bristol board, size 8 by 13 inches. No signa- 
tures necessary. 

5. Certified Copy. — If application is filed under the International Convention, 
a certified copy of the application as originally filed, on which Convention rights 
are claimed, must be furnished. 



61 



THE 

Patent and Trade Mark Review 



A monthly journaJ for the publication of new laws and 

regulations, court decisions, and information 

regarding patents, trade marks and 

other related subject-matter. 



Edited and Published by 

WM. WALLACE WHITE 
305-309 BROADWAY, NEW YORK CITY 



SUBSCRIPTION RATE 

Per year, postage paid, $2.00 

Single copies. 25 cents 



Volume I, October. 1902. to September. 1903 
Volume 2. October. 1903. to September^ 1904 
Volume 3. October, 1904. to September. 1905 
Volume 4. October. 1905. to September. 1906 
Volume 5. October. 1906, to September. 1907 
Volume 6. October. 1907. to September, 1908 
Volume 7, October. 1908, to September. 1909; 
Volume 8, October. 1909. to September, 1910 ; 
Volume 9, October. 1910. to September. 1911 ; 
Per volume with index, unbound. $2.00; 
cloth, $2.75 ; sheep, $5.00. 



MAY 7 1912 



